Perfluorooctane sulfonate properties

Tang, C.Y., Criddle, Q.S., Eu, C.S., and Leckie, J.O. 2007. Effect of flux (transmembrane pressure) and membranes properties on fouling and rejection of reverse osmosis and nanofiltration membranes treating perfluorooctane sulfonate containing waste water. Environmental Science and Technology, 41 2008-14. 

Practical consequences of Eg modification in polymer films include significant changes of dissolution, diffusional and etching characteristics, mechanical creep behavior, and adhesion. Figure 17.30 shows a plot of the effective diffusion coefficient of perfluorooctane sulfonate photoacid as a function of film thickness of partially protected poly(4-t-butyloxycarbonyloxstyrene). The profile shows asymptotic behavior at 600 A, below which diffusion slows down remarkably, probably due to interfacial and confinement effects. Clearly, the interaction of the first few hundred angstroms of the film with the substrate determines its adhesion and can alter its electrical and optical properties as well as its topographical and surface characteristics. ... 

Fluorinated surfactants have been commercially available since the 1950s. The first available were perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (e.g., perfluorooctane sulfonate, CgFisSOs, PFOS) and perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (e.g., perfluorooctanoic acid, C7F15COOH, PFOA) manufactured using the electrochemical fluorination (ECF) process [10]. The unique properties (e.g., surface tension lowering in aqueous systems, high chemical and thermal stability) of these acids and their derivatives when used at low concentrations resulted in their widespread use in industrial processes and consumer uses [11-13]. The most common commercially produced perfluorinated surfactants are the perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) ... 

Abstract In the past years, elucidation of transformation products of per- and polyfluorinated chemicals (PFC) has been a task frequently approached by analytical chemists. PCT, such as perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) are persistent and thus, the analytical quest to detect transformation products has failed so far. Their prominence as contaminants is mainly due to their extreme persistence, which is linked to their perfluoroalkyl chain length. Molecules that are less heavily fluorinated can show very complex metabolic behavior, as is the case for fluorotelomer alcohols. These compounds are degraded via different but simultaneous pathways, which produce different stable metabolites. Biotransformation processes of PFC may occur when these compounds enter the environment, and thus known and unknown PFC may be generated in these compartments. Therefore, it is essential to determine metabolic pathways of such compounds in order to entirely understand their fate in the environment. This chapter summarizes methodological approaches and instmmental setups which have been implemented in biotransformation studies of PFC and focuses on mass spectrometric methods and the separation techniques coupled to the mass spectrometer (MS). Valuable MS approaches that have not been frequently used in studies on PFC are presented as well. Since compounds carrying C-F bonds exhibit unique properties, these will be initially presented to address the meaning of these properties both for analytical tasks and for the setup of biotransformation experiments. 

Perfluorinated compounds have special physico-chemical properties, which make them valuable for use in various industries. They are chemically inert, highly thermally stable and reduce surface tension. They repel both water and oil, so they are both hydrophobic and oleophobic substances. Table 12.54 summarises some physico-chemical properties of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) potassium salt and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). 

PANI synthesized using different acid as doping agents also has different ER effect because of different electrical properties. However, Stenicka et al. [35] have considered that PANI protonated with sulfonic, tartaric, or perfluorooctane can provide particles with various hydrophilicity. They demonstrate that the compatibility of PANI particles with the silicone oil... 

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