Perchlorate ion CIO

The perchlorate ion, CIO , is considered to be noncoordinating ia the presence of water. When water is rigorously excluded, anhydrous complexes such as Ni(CH2CN) (C10 2> where n is 2, 4, or 6, can be prepared. Perchlorate complexes of Ni, Co, Cu, and Sn have been reported. In each case, however, an organic group such as CH CN, CH, or pyridyl is involved (73—76). 

The perchlorate ion CIO 3 is a recognized contaminant in groundwater as well as soil with more than a hundred contamination sites in 35 states.67 Perchlorate toxicity arises from its interference with thyroid function. CIO i is unique among the inorganic oxyanions in that it is weakly coordinating and when used as a counteranion with metal complexes, the salts yield high-quality single crystals. Nevertheless, the... 

C104 , perchlorate ion CIOs", chlorate ion ClOa", chlorite ion C10, hypochlorite ion... 

Perchlorate ions (CIO 4) appear on both sides of the equation, so count them as units, rather than count the individual atoms they contain. Thus, the tally of atoms and polyatomic ions is... 

Some elements—particularly the halogens—form more than two kinds of oxoanions. The name of the oxoanion with the smallest number of oxygen atoms is formed by adding the prefix hypo- to the -ite form of the name, as in the hypochlorite ion, CIO-. The oxoanion with the most oxygen atoms is named with the prefix per- added to the -ate form of the name. An example is the perchlorate ion, C104-. The rules for naming polyatomic ions are summarized in Appendix 3A and common examples are listed in Table D.l. 

Ans. (a) Remembering that phosphate is P04, we note that this ion has one fewer oxygen atom. It is the phosphite ion. (b) Remembering that chlorate is CIOs", we note that this ion has one more oxygen atom. This ion is the perchlorate ion. (c) Remembering that iodate is IO3", we note that this ion has two fewer oxygen atoms. It is the... 

Solution (a) HI is related to I , the iodide ion. The -ide ending is changed to -ic acid and the prefix hydro- is added. The name is hy-droiodic acid. (Z ) 11 (), is related to NO,, the nitrate ion. The -ate ending is changed to -ic acid. Tlie name is nitric acid, (c) HCIO is related to CIO 1. the perchlorate ion. Fhe prefix per- is not changed, but the ending is changed to -ic acid. Tlie name is perchloric acid. 

In the case of the chlorate ion, C103 , the oxyion with one more oxygen, C104", adds a per- prefix to chlorate, becoming perchlorate ion. The oxyion with one less oxygen than the chlorite, C102 , is the hypochlorite ion, CIO". Chlorine is one of the few elements that can form four different oxyions. 

Structure (176), the perchlorate ions being hydrogen-bonded to the macro-cyclic ligands. When bromide or iodide were used instead of chloride, [CuLX]-CIO (X = Br or I) were isolated. ... 

Besides, the ceramic fillers provide surface conducting pathways as a result of its Lewis acid type interaction with the PEO chains, hence, promoting ion transport which leads to enhanced ion conductivity. The T of the polymer host matrix PEO-ammonium perchlorate (NH CIO ) investigated by Dey and Karan, (2008) arise in a narrow range between -41 °C and -46 °C while the of PEO-salt complex is lower than that of pure PEO upon addition of nano-CeO resulting in enhanced ion conductivity of the polymer nanocomposite (see Table 1). 

Although a successful chemical application of Cl NMR of the perchlorate ion was presented more than 20 years ago [280], subsequent studies have been very few. This is somewhat surprising in view of the chemical interest in the interaction of the CIO ion with other species. Furthermore, the relaxation time is generally within a range easily accessible for measurements. 

Cl relaxation of the perchlorate ion in the presence of various proteins is presently being studied in our laboratory. Of the results obtained so far may be mentioned the demonstration of an effect of CIO on the molecular mobility at the active site anion binding region of fructose-1,6-diphosphate aldolase [1Z6]. Thus addition of fructose-1,6-diphosphate is accompanied by a decreased Cl relaxation rate -6f both Cl and CIO and comparisons of T and... 

A Cl line width study of the association of the perchlorate ion with Mg ions (and to some extent Li ) in mixed solvents has been presented by Berman et al. [528]. The CIO ion in contact ion pairs... 

Write electrode equations for the electrolytic production of (a) mag-mesium metal from molten magnesium chloride (h) perchlorate ion, C104. from chlorate ion, CIOs", in aqueous solution (c) fluorine from fluoride ion in a molten salt. State in each case whether the reaction occurs at the anode or at the cathode. 

If NO loses 1 electron, it forms the relatively stable nitrosyl ion, NO" ", which is isoelectronic with the stable gases Ng and CO. Known compounds of this ion are nitrosyl perchlorate, NO CIO ", and nitrosyl hydrogen sulfate, N0" HS04 . 

Unidentate Leaving Groups.—Studies of complex ions of the type [Co(NH8)s-(solvcnt)] + continue to appear. When the solvent is DMSO, studies of the rate of solvolysis have been made in 71 different aqueous-organic solvent mixtures. The rate constants are independent of ionic strength at constant [CIO "], but show a specific perchlorate-ion dependence. The results are discussed in terms of the h mechanism, and also by using the Bennetto-Caldin model. The effect of solvent variation on the activation parameters is very small. 

The last example presented in this section deals with the pitting corrosion of Fe in CIO solutions. Perchlorate is less known as an aggressive ion but reveals some unique and remarkable characteristics with regard to pitting corrosion. For example, the critical pitting potential (1.46 V against a standard hydrogen electrode (SHE) for Fe/1 M NaClO ) can be measured with an accuracy of less than 4 mV [61] which is very unexpected if compared to... 

Derbyshire and Waters202 carried out the first kinetic study, and showed that the chlorination of sodium toluene-m-sulphonate by hypochlorous acid at 21.5 °C was catalysed more strongly by sulphuric acid than by perchloric acid and that the rate was increased by addition of chloride ion. A more extensive examination by de la Mare et al.203 of the rate of chlorination of the more reactive compounds, anisole, phenol, and />-dimethoxybenzene by hypochlorous acid catalysed by perchloric acid, and with added silver perchlorate to suppress the formation of Cl2 and C120 (which would occur in the presence of Cl" and CIO-, respectively),... 

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