Perchlorates, CIO

CIO reactions To Study these reactions use a 2m solution of perchloric acid or solid 

Concentrated sulphuric acid no visible action with the solid salt in cold, but on strong heating, white fumes of perchloric acid monohydrate are produced  

Note that hot, concentrated perchloric acid EXPLODES if particles of dust, coal or filter paper, etc. fall into it. 

Potassium chloride solution white precipitate of KCIO4, insoluble in alcohol (see Section 3.36, reaction 3). Ammonium chloride solution gives a similar reaction  

Barium chloride solution no precipitate. A similar result is obtained with silver nitrate solution. 

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The oxidation of chlorate to perchlorate, CIO, is an electrochemical anode reaction independent of pH. 

SAFETY PROFILE Poison by intraperitoneal route. Human blood and gastrointestinal system effects by inhalation. Questionable carcinogen. See also ANTIMONY COMPOUNDS and SULFIDES. Spontaneously flammable when exposed to strong oxidizers. Flammable when exposed to heat or flame. Moderately explosive by spontaneous reaction with chlorates, perchlorates, CIO, thallic oxide. When heated to decomposition or on contact with acid or acid fumes it emits highly toxic fumes of oxides of sulfur and antimony. Will react with water or steam to produce toxic and flammable vapors. 

Chlorine-oxygen compounds discussed here are hypochlorite CIO-, chlorite CIO/-, chlorate CIO/", perchlorate CIO]/, and chlorine dioxide CIO2. With the exception of chlorite, all chlorine-oxygen compounds mentioned can be obtained as a direct product of electrolysis, but electrolytic production is not dominating in all cases. There are chemical pathways, too, using molecular chlorine and caustic alkali as basic educts - which have been produced electrolytically before. 

Perchlorates, CIO , contain a central chlorine atom with an oxidation number of +7. They are prepared by the electrolysis of aqueous chlorates. The half-reaction is ... 

The common nitrates, N03 acetates, CH3COO chlorates, C103 and perchlorates, CIO, are soluble in water. 

Chlorite dismutase (Cld) contains a heme b active site, analogous to peroxidases, and occurs in perchlorate and chlorate respiring bacteria.28 Perchlorate (CIO ) is a rocket fuel and used in pyrotechnics and ammunition. It has been found in soil and ground water only recently.29 Due to its size similarity to iodide, perchlorate inhibits the thyroid gland irreversibly. Microbes have evolved to utilize the oxidizing power of perchlorate. These organisms reduce perchlorate to chlorate and chlorate to chlorite... 

CIO ClO, chlorine tetraoxide CIO ", tetraoxidochlorine( ) -OCIO3, trioxo-X -chloranyloxy CIO ", tetraoxidochlorate(l-) perchlorate CIO ", tetraoxidochlorato(l-) perchlorato... 

Precaution Flamm. when exposed to heat or flame explosion risk In contact with oxidizers mod. explosive by spontaneous reaction with chlorates, perchlorates, CIO reacts with water or steam to produce toxic/flamm. vapors... 

As you might now imagine, chlorate ClOj- and perchlorate CIO will act as strong oxidizing agents such as nitrate, because their chlorine atoms are in high oxidation states (-fV and +VII, respectively). 

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