Peptides with different bioactivities

Peptides with different bioactivities have been identified in many fermented milks, such as sour milk, yogurt, kefir and dahi, as reviewed by Fitzgerald and Murray (2006), Korhonen (2009) and Hernandez-Ledesma et al. (2011). In addition to anti-hypertensive peptides, casein phosphopetides, antimicrobial, antioxidative and immunomodulatory peptides have been found depending on the origin of milk, dairy cultures and technology applied in production. 

A hybrid of the one-bead-one-peptide and positional-scanning library formats (see Section 4.3.V.3.2.2) is presented by an approach termed library of libraries ,which is directed toward the identification of pharmacophore motifs, i.e. structural motifs necessary for the bioactivity of interest, rather than the complete structures of individual active compounds. This library format enables the identification of specific, i.e. nonreplaceable, positions of a peptide with a bioactivity of interest versus unspecific positions, which can be replaced by a variety of different amino acids without loss in activity. In the example presented,a hexapeptide library is generated as 160000 (20 x20) sublibraries (beads), which represent all possible combinations of three defined and three mixture positions within the hexapeptide framework, i.e. 8000 (20 ) different combinations of three amino acids at the defined positions within a given arrangement of the hexapeptide multiphed by 20 possible different arrangements of three defined and three mixture positions. While the defined positions are coupled using the DCR method,01 the mixture positions are introduced by the coupling of amino acid mixtures. 

At present, the field of marine natural products becomes more sophisticated. Seaweeds have drawn worldwide attention due to their involvement in many industrial applications. Seaweeds produce a variety of active components with different structures and interesting biological activities (Amarowicz et ah, 2004 Choi et ah, 2002 Kim and Bae, 2010 Kong et ah, 2009 Shibata et ah, 2008). The bioactive components isolated from seaweeds could be divided into polyphenols, peptides, polysaccharides, etc. Many of these active compoimds have been found to be useful functional ingredients in many industrial applications such as pharmaceutical, cosmeceutical, and fimctional food. 

In 2D cell culture on chip, cell adhesion has been extensively studied on patterned surfaces for it is critical to cellular functions. Micropattems have been used to study the cellular interactions with various materials such as metals, polymers, self-assembled monolayers, extracellular matrix proteins, cell adhesion peptides, and other bioactive molecules. The physical and chemical properties of a substrate affect the attachment and growth of cells on it, and many studies have demonstrated that different topographical features of a surface affect cell attachment. Glass, sflicon, and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) are widely used as substrate materials of ceU culture microchips. 

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