Peptides neuroactive

H-Asp-Met-His-Asp-Phe-Phe-Val-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2. Physalaemin, eledoisin, kassinin, SCYl, and SCYll are nonmammalian tachykinins. Two larger peptides have been identified, neuropeptide K (328) and neuropeptide y (329), both of which interact with tachykinin receptors (Table 19). The NKA sequence is contained within the carboxy-terrninal sequences of both neuropeptide K and neuropeptide y. Like other neuroactive peptides, tachykinin peptide precursors are synthesized ribosomaHy and transported to nerve terminals where further processing occurs. 

Tissue plasminogen activators Human growth hormone Neuroactive peptides Regulatory peptides Lymphokines Human serum albumin Gamma globulin Antihemophilic factors Monoclonal antibodies... 

Heller, E., Kaczmarek, L. K., Hunkapiller, M. H., Hood, L. E., and Strumwasser, F. (1980) Purification and primary structure of two neuroactive peptides that cause bag cell afterdischarge and egg laying in Aplysia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 77 2328-2332. 

StrOhle A, Pasini A, Romeo E, Hermann B, Spalletta G, di Michele F, Holsboer F, Rupprecht R (2000) Fluoxetine decreases concentrations of 3a,5a-tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone (3a,5a-THDOC) in major depression. J Psychiatr Res 34 183-186 StrOhle A, Kellner M, Holsboer F, Wiedemann K (2001) Anxiolytic activity of atrial natriuretic peptide in patients with panic disorder. Am J Psychiatry 158 1514-1516 StrOhle A, Romeo E, di Michele F, Pasini A, Yassouridis A, Holsboer F, Rupprecht R (2002) GABAA receptor modulatory neuroactive steroid composition in panic disorder and during paroxetine treatment. Am J Psychiatry 159 145-147 StrOhle A, Romeo E, di Michele F, Pasini A, Hermann B, Gajewsky G, Holsboer F, Rupprecht F (2003) Induced panic attacks shift GABAA receptor modulatory neuroactive steroid composition. Arch Gen Psychiatry 60 161-168 Szapiro G, Vianna MRM, McGaugh JL, Medina JH, Izquierdo I (2003) The role of NMDA glutamate receptors, PKA, MAPK, and CAMKII in the hippocampus in extinction of conditioned fear. Hippocampus 13 53-58... 

Chudler, Eric H. Neurotransmitters and Neuroactive Peptides. Available online. URL http //faculty.washington.edu/chudler/chntl. html. Accessed May 28,2009. Eric Chudler is a professor at the University of Washington in Seattle, Washington. This Web resource is part of his excellent Web site. Neuroscience For Kids, and contains a nicely illustrated tutorial on neurotransmission. 

NEUROTRANSMITTERS AND THEIR RECEPTORS Table 43 Neuroactive Brain Peptides... 

Guidotti and Ferrero95 isolated from human and rat brain extracts neuroactive peptides that interact with the receptors at which benzodiazepines (e.g. Valium and Librium) induce biological effects. The DBI peptide 48 ( anxiety peptide ), an endogenous ligand of the benzodiazepine receptor, causes anxiety, in contrast to the benzodiazepines. 

German DC, Liang C-L (1993) Neuroactive peptides exist in the midbrain dopaminergic neurons that contain calbindin-D2gk. NeuroReport 4 491 194. 

There are naturally-occurring opioid agonists from plants, such as morphine, which owes its dramatic psychopharmacological effects in mammals to an interaction with receptors for enkephalins and endorphins. As evidence increases that insects and other arthropods utilize neuroactive peptides as neuromessengers (16), it becomes more likely that some of the plant opiates are defensive chemicals having a "psychomanipulant" type of mechanism. 

Olgiati VR, Guidobono F, Netti C, Pecile A (1983) Localization of calcitonin binding sites in rat central nervous system evidence of its neuroactivity. Brain Res 265 209-215 Oliver KR, Keyvan-Fouladi N (2000) Calcitonin gene-related peptide family receptor localization in the rat central nervous system. Eur J Neurosci 12 8472 Oluyomi AO, Hart SL (1991) Involvement of histamine in naloxone-resistant and naloxone-sensitive models of swim stress-induced antinociception in the mouse. Neuropharmacology 30 1021-1027... 

Earlier investigations focused on peptides and other slow-acting agents as the principal neuroactive substances in neuronal circuits of the hypothalamus (Swanson, 1987). However, Van den Pol (1991) examined the presence Glu in several medial hypothalamic nuclei (the suprachiasmatic, arcuate, ventromedial, supraoptic and parvocellular and magnocellular periventricular nuclei) and detected a population of boutons displaying strong immunoreactiv-ity for Glu. Decavel and Van den Pol (1992) similarly found Glu-enriched terminals forming synapses with hypothalamic neurosecretory neurons (labeled by intravenous injections of... 

Substance P (SP), which is the undecapeptide involved in pain mediation (Chapter 5), even though it is not fully characterized due to lack of specific antagonists, is considered an excitatory neurotransmitter. It occurs in all brain areas and the spinal cord. Neuroactive peptides are frequently found to coexist in amino acid or monoamine secreting neurons (e.g., SP in cholinergic and serotoninergic fibers, and somatostin with GABA). 

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a neuroactive 29-amino acid polypeptide, structurally related to glucagon (for a review see Said, 1991). This neuropeptide is released by preganglionic sympathetic neurons, along with acetylcholine, and regulates mitosis, differentiation and survival of cultured sympathetic neuroblasts (Pincus et al.,... 

In addition to its antioxidant role, GSH recently was proposed to function as a neuroactive peptide in the CNS (Guo and Shaw 1992). Binding sites for GSH, possibly coupled to inositol phosphate production, were identified in cell membranes of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Since GSH is predominantly localized in non-neuronal cells (Slivka et al., 1987a Raps et al., 1989 Philbert et al., 1991), the severe loss of GSH in SN in PD has to be, at least in part, attributed to impairment of glial functions or to extensive neuronal loss. The latter seems unlikely because, in LB disease, cell loss was very moderate, but GSH depletion was nearly 40% (Jenner et al., 1992). 

The constant potential amperometric detector determines the current generated by the oxidation or reduction of electoactive species at a constant potential in an electrochemical cell. Reactions occur at an electrode surface and proceed by electron transfer to or from the electrode surface. The majority of electroactive compounds exhibit some degree of aromaticity or conjugation with most practical applications involving oxidation reactions. Electronic resonance in aromatic compounds functions to stabilize free radical intermediate products of anodic oxidations, and as a consequence, the activation barrier for electrochemical reaction is lowered significantly. Typical applications are the detection of phenols (e.g. antioxidants, opiates, catechols, estrogens, quinones) aromatic amines (e.g. aminophenols, neuroactive alkaloids [quinine, cocaine, morphine], neurotransmitters [epinephrine, acetylcoline]), thiols and disulfides, amino acids and peptides, nitroaromatics and pharmaceutical compounds [170,171]. Detection limits are usually in the nanomolar to micromolar range or 0.25 to 25 ng / ml. 

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