Pentachlorophenol, in water

Wong AS, DG Crosby (1981) Photodecomposition of pentachlorophenol in water. J Agric Food Chem 29 125-130. 

Wong, A.S. and D.G. Crosby. 1978. Photolysis of pentachlorophenol in water. Pages 119-25 in K.R. Rao (ed.). Pentachlorophenol Chemistry, Pharmacology, and Environmental Toxicology. Plenum Press, New York. 

Chlorinated dibenzo ip-dioxins are contaminants of phenol-based pesticides and may enter the environment where they are subject to the action of sunlight. Rate measurements showed that 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is more rapidly photolyzed in methanol than octachlorodi-benzo-p-dioxin. Initially TCDD yields 2,3,7-trichlorodiben-zo-p-dioxin, and subsequent reductive dechlorination is accompanied by ring fission. Pure dibenzo-p-dioxin gave polymeric material and some 2,2 -dihydroxybiphenyl on irradiation. Riboflavin-sensitized photolysis of the potential precursors of dioxins, 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,4,5-trichloro-phenol, in water gave no detectable dioxins. The products identified were chlorinated phenoxyphenols and dihydroxy-biphenyls. In contrast, aqueous alkaline solutions of purified pentachlorophenol gave traces of octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on irradiation. 

Shim, S.S. and Kawamoto, K., Enzyme production activity of Phanerochaete chrysosporium and degradation of pentachlorophenol in a bioreactor, Water Res., 36, 4445-4454, 2002. 

Wang, P., Woodward, C.A., and Kaufman, E.N., Polyethylene glycol)-modified ligninase enhances pentachlorophenol biodegradation in water-solvent mixtures, Biotechnol. Bioeng., 64, 290-297, 1999. 

A bioslurry phase system consists of the suspension of a solid phase in water or other liquid medium to a concentration typically between 5% and 40% (w/v) and kept under agitation conditions to allow the microbial growth of the indigenous microbiota or a particular inoculated microorganism [114], Bioslurry systems for bioremediation purposes have been mostly conducted with bacterial cultures [146, 147], although in the last few years WRF were also successfully applied to soil bioremediation of PAHs, hexachlorocyclohexane and pentachlorophenol [110, 113, 114],... 

The calculation is illustrated in Table 1.5.5 for pentachlorophenol. The experimental aqueous solubility is 14.0 g/m3 at a pH of 5.1. The environmental pH is 7. Higher environmental pH increases the extent of dissociation, thus increasing the Z value in water, increasing the apparent solubility, decreasing the apparent KqW and Henry s law constant and the air-water partition coefficient, and decreasing the soil-water partition coefficient. 

Lee, L. S., Rao, P. S. C., Nkedi-Kizza, P., Delfino, J. (1990) Influence of solvent and sorbent characteristics on distribution of pentachlorophenol in octanol-water and soil-water systems. Environ. Sci. Technol. 24, 654—661. 

Pentachlorophenol is readily soluble in most organic solvents, oils, and highly aromatic and olefinic petroleum hydrocarbons — a property that makes it compatible for inclusion in many pesticide formulations (Table 23.1 Figure 23.1). Purified PCP, however, is practically insoluble in water therefore, the readily water-soluble sodium pentachlorophen-ate salt is substituted in many industrial applications (Table 23.1) (Bevenue and Beckman 1967 USPHS 1994). 

Surface Water. Crossland and Wolff (1985) reported that the phototransformation half-life of pentachlorophenol in surface water ranged from 1.5 to 3.0 d. In a laboratory experiment, the average volatilization half-life of pentachlorophenol in a stirred water vessel (outer dimensions 22 x 10 x 21 cm) at 23 °C and an air flow rate of 0.20 m/sec is 624 min. The half-life was independent of wind velocity <1 m/sec or air humidity but very dependent upon temperature. Given that pentachlorophenol is a moderately strong acid, the experiments were repeated using four different buffered solutions. The average half-lives were 151 h at pH 4.0, 167 h at pH 3.3, 303 h at pH 5.1, and 3,120 h at pH 6.0At pH. No volatilization was observed at pH 8.0 (Klopffer et al., 1982). 

Photolytic. When pentachlorophenol in distilled water is exposed to UV irradiation, it is... 

The following half-lives were reported for pentachlorophenol in estuarine water exposed to sunlight and microbes 10 and 7 h during summer (24 °C) and winter (10 °C), respectively in poisoned estuarine water 6 and 10 h during summer and winter, respectively (Hwang et al., 1986). 

Donaldson, S.G. and Miller, G.C. Transport and photolysis of pentachlorophenol in soils subject to evaporating water. J. Environ. Qual, 26(2) 402-409, 1997. 

Melcer, H. and Bedford, W.K. Removal of pentachlorophenol in municipal activated sludge systems, J. Water Pollut. Control Fed., 60(5) 622-626, 1988. 

According to the vendor, the technology can effectively treat almost aU hydrocarbons (inclnd-ing gasoline, crnde oil, diesel fnel, and jet fnel), pentachlorophenols, polychlorinated biphenyls, benzene, tolnene, ethyl benzene, xylene, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, trichloroethylene, trichloroethane, and suspended solids. The granules can also be used to remove vegetable-based oils and fats. Another technology advantage is the ability of the SFC system to remove oil emulsified in water to concentrations less than 15 mg/hter. 

Lopez-Avila V, Hirata P, Kraska S, et al. 1985. Determination of atrazine, lindane, pentachlorophenol, and diazinon in water and soil by isotope dilution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 57 2797-2801. 

Ballapragada, B.S., Magar, V. S., Puhakka, J. A., Stensel, H. D. Ferguson, J. F. (1994). Fate and biodegradation of tetrachloroethene and pentachlorophenol in anaerobic digesters. In Proceedings of the Water Environment federation 67 th Annual Conference Exposition. Chicago, IL, October 16-20, pp. 265-76. 

Melcer, H. Bedford, W. K. (1988). Removal of pentachlorophenol in municipal activated sludge process. Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, 60, 622-6. 

Chemicals Used. Chemicals used in this study were technical grade products or better, dissolved in xylene with 5% emulsifying agent. The chemicals used included an oil soluble red dye, Dino-seb (2-sec-butyl-4,6 dinitrophenol), pentachlorophenol (PCP), Isopropyl N-(3-chlorophenyl) carbamate (CIPC or Chlorpropham), Iso-octyl 2,4,5- trichlorophenoxy acetate (2,4,5-T), chlorpyrifos (0, 0-diethyl 0-(3,4,6-trichloro 2-pyridyl) - phosphorothioate), and Ronnel (0-dimethyl 0-2, 4,5-trichlorophenyl) phosphorothioate) for application as a spray. The emulsifiable concentrate was diluted in water comparable to 50 gallons of spray to contain the following amounts respectively 2 lbs. for chloropryifos 4 lbs. for 2,4,5-T 3 lbs. CIPC and 2 lbs. for PCP. 

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