Pentachlorophenol effects

Common examples of compounds that are amenable to carbon adsorption are aromatics (benzene, toluene) and chlorinated organics (trichloroethylene, trichloroethane [71-55-6, 75 -(9(9-j5y, tetrachloroethylene, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), DDT /T(9-77-77, pentachlorophenol [87-86-5J. Compounds that are not adsorbed effectively by carbon include ethanol [64-17-5], diethylene glycol [111-46-6], and numerous amines (butylamine [109-73-9, 13952-84-6, 75-64-9], triethanolamine [102-71-6], cyclohexylamine [108-91-8], hexamethylenediamine [108-91-8] (1). Wastewater concentrations that are suitable for carbon adsorption are generally less than 5000 mg/L. 

Wood preservatives ate appHed either from an oil system, such as creosote, petroleum solutions of pentachlorophenol, or copper naphthanate, or a water system. Oil treatments ate relatively inert with wood material, and thus, have Htde effect on mechanical properties. However, most oil treatments require simultaneous thermal treatments, which ate specifically limited in treating standards to preclude strength losses (24). 

Megharaj M, Singleton I, McClure NC. 1998. Effect of pentachlorophenol pollution towards microalgae and microbial activities in soil from a former timber processing facility. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 61 108-115. 

PCP presents a different picture from that of the lower chlorophenols and their derivatives. The corresponding dioxin shows much more stability to light than does TCDD, enough to permit its prolonged existence at low concentrations in a photoreactor. As a phenol it can directly yield dioxins, a process favored by its normal mode of application as the sodium salt. Although octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin has much lower mammalian toxicity than TCDD (6), its formation, properties, and effects demand additional investigation. Technical preparations of PCP are frequently mixtures of tetra- and pentachlorophenols consequently, hepta-and possibly hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins might be expected as photolysis products in addition to the octachloro derivative. 

This paper discusses the effects of the pyrolysis of wood and paper treated with pentachlorophenol or sodium pentachlorophenate along with the exposure of sodium pentachlorophenate to ultraviolet light. The effect of heat, light, and air with respect to some of the chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins will be considered. 

Effects of Combustion and Heat. The results of combusting wood and paper treated with pentachlorophenol or sodium pentachlorophenate are shown in Table I. These results indicate that octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin concentration did not increase as the result of combusting either wood or paper treated with pentachlorophenol. It seems that the concentration of octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin concentration was actually decreased during combustion. However, paper treated with sodium pentachlorophenate did increase in octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin concentration as the result of combustion. 

Initially formed polar metabolites such as phenols and amines may be conjugated to water-soluble terminal metabolites that are excreted into the medium and function as an effective mechanism of detoxification. For example, pentachlorophenol and pentachlorothiophenol produced from pentachloronitrobenzene conjugated represented the major metabolites. Although the naphthalene dihydrodiol was the major metabolite produced from naphthalene, the further transformation... 

Lohmeier-Vogel EM, KT Leung, H Lee, JT Trevors HJ Vogel (2001) Phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance study of the effect of pentachlorophenol on the physiologies of PCP-degrading microorganisms. Appl Environ Microbiol 67 3549-3556. 

Smith, P.D., Brockway, D.L., Stancil, Jr., F.E. (1987) Effect of hardness, alkalinity and pH on toxicity of pentachlorophenol to senastrum capricomutum (printz). Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 6, 891-990. 

Stehly, G. R., Hayton, W. L. (1990) Effect of pH on the accumulation kinetics of pentachlorophenol in goldfish. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 19, 464-470. 

Lethal and sublethal effects of pentachlorophenol (PCP) on selected species of aquatic organisms... 

Rawlings, N.C., S.J. Cook, and D. Waldbillig. 1998. Effects of the pesticides carbofuran, chlorpyrifos, dimethoate, lindane, triallate, trifluralin, 2,4-D, and pentachlorophenol on the metabolic endocrine and reproductive endocrine system in ewes. Jour. Toxicol. Environ. Health 54A 21-36. 

Pentachlorophenol was most toxic and most rapidly metabolized in aquatic environments at elevated temperatures and reduced pH. Adverse effects on growth, survival, and reproduction of representative sensitive species of aquatic organisms occurred at PCP concentrations of about 8 to 80 pg/L for algae and macrophytes, about 3 to 100 pg/L for invertebrates (especially molluscs), and <1 to 68 pg/L for fishes, especially salmonids. Fatal PCP doses for birds were 380 to 504 mg/kg BW (acute oral), >3850 mg/kg in diets, and >285 mg/kg in nesting materials. Adverse sublethal effects were noted at dietary levels as low as 1.0 mg/kg ration. Residues (mg/kg fresh weight) in birds found dead from PCP poisoning were >11 in brain, >20 in kidney, >46 in liver, and 50 to 100 in egg. 

Table 23.4 Lethal and Sublethal Effects of Pentachlorophenol on Selected Species of Aquatic Organisms... 

---