Penning systems

Apidra (insulin glulisine) Yes 3-mL pen cartridge or OptiClik pen system... 

The helium metastables differ only in the spin state. Thus pronounced differences in the functions V+(R) and T(R) for Penning systems with He(23S) and He(2 S) should be attributable to an influence of the spin. A quantitative discussion of this influence lies in the regime of the electronic structure and has not been given as yet. Hence we are limited in this section to stressing some of the observed similarities and differences between the helium metastables regarding Pgl and to try to give plausible qualitative explanations. 

Painless injections can also be realized by air pressure-driven advices, and so-caUed pen systems are aheady available for insuhn. Although these still involve the use of needles, the pressure-driven application is favored by patients as a painless alternative [158]. 

FIGURE 26.5 (See color insert following page 40). Cnrrent and future trends in delivery systems for mAbs inclnde (a) dual-chamber cartridge and prefilled syringe with attached needle (conrtesy Vetter), (b) pen systems for self-administration, and (c, d) needle-free injection systems (BioJect). 

The emptying experiments revealed a surprising result. The control system, without CPP, released the largest quantities of Na-DFC with time. The release from the PEN systems was the second in order, whereas NONA and RALA systems released the lowest quantities of Na-DFC (Fig. 12.27). 

To improve resolution the slits must be narrowed, but when the slit widths are reduced the energy on the detector is also reduced, in proportion to the square of the slit opening. Unfortunately, the sources of noise which limit the precise readability of the spectral data remain constant as the slits are narrowed. To compensate for the loss in signal power the gain in the system must be increased this, in turn, raises the recorded noise level proportionally. To maintain a reasonable level of noise on the recorded spectrum the speed of response of the pen system must be made slower, thereby smoothing the noise peaks. To compensate for the slower pen response, a longer scanning time is required for the pen to follow the spectrum accurately. 

Response Speed Pen Speed). This determines the rate at which the system can respond accurately to, and record, the scanned information. The slower the response or pen speed the narrower the effective bandwidth of the system. As indicated by equation (2-5), slowing the pen speed or response time serves to reduce the recorder noise level, thereby enhancing photometric accuracy that is, the quieter the recorded spectrum, the more accurately one may determine the peaks of the absorption bands. In general, the response control adjusts electronic time constants within the system, while the pen-system speed control mechanically changes the rate of response of the pen system. Some instruments incorporate both controls, but many have either one or the other. This type of control is generally incorporated in only the more versatile instruments. 

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