Penetration-oscillation

The penetration-oscillation movement of a single particle in horizontal onedimensional impinging streams is shown in Fig. 2.1, where the coordinate x defines the positive direction of motion or flow. 

In all cases, the liquid-liquid interface is observed, during video recordings of flow visualisations of real rollovers, to become unstable whereby upwards penetrative oscillations of the interface build up in vertical amplitude. Elements of the lower layer are mixed into the upper layer, and the liquid-liquid interface migrates slowly downwards. 

In some of the rollovers, when the amplitude of the convective penetrative oscillations increased so that the oscillations penetrate through the surface sublayers to the liquid surface, the BOR rose very rapidly by 10-50 fold. This behaviour is called Mode 2 Rollover in which the convective oscillations are believed to break up the morphology of the surface sub-layer, particularly the high impedance thermal conduction region. This results in the unimpeded and much higher molecular rate of surface evaporation to be realised (see Sect. 4.6.2 on molecular evaporation rates). 

In some experimental rollovers, Mode 1 behaviour converted into Mode 2 when the penetrative oscillating convective plumes increased in amplitude with time and penetrated the evaporating surface sub-layer. 

Apart from inversions, there is another way to determine whether or not there is mixing in the Sun. Any spherically symmetric, localized sharp feature or discontinuity in the Sun s internal structure leaves a definite signature on the solar p-mode frequencies. Gough (1990) showed that changes of this type contribute a characteristic oscillatory component to the frequencies z/ / of those modes which penetrate below the localized perturbation. The amplitude of the oscillations increases with increasing severity of the discontinuity, and the wavelength of the oscillation is essentially the acoustic depth of the sharp-feature. Solar modes... 

Other parameters of the simulation are specified in subroutine SPECS. The quantity solcon is the solar constant, available here for tuning within observational limits of uncertainty. The quantity diffc is the heat transport coefficient, a freely tunable parameter. The quantity odhc is the depth in the ocean to which the seasonal temperature variation penetrates. In this annual average simulation, it simply controls how rapidly the temperature relaxes into a steady-state value. In the seasonal calculations carried out later in this chapter it controls the amplitude of the seasonal oscillation of temperature. The quantity hcrat is the amount by which ocean heat capacity is divided to get the much smaller effective heat capacity of the land. The quantity hcconst converts the heat exchange depth of the ocean into the appropriate units for calculations in terms of watts per square meter. The quantity secpy is the number of seconds in a year. 

The electron therefore has about 2 percent probability of penetrating the barrier. However, if it is considered that the electron oscillates with a wavelength of about 2 bohr radii (a0 = 5.3 x 1(Anm), the electron velocity calculated from its momentum p = h/X = mv, corresponds to h/2mao. It therefore collides h/2ma times per second (i.e. 1.3 x 1017) with the barrier and penetrates after 1(A15 seconds, and moves freely through the crystal. 

Measurement of the effect of heat on the mechanical properties of a sample, e.g. expansion, compression, penetration, extension and resonant frequency of oscillation. 

The needle valve oscillated up to 12% of the total fuel, and flow rates larger than around 3% of the total implied that the bulk mean velocity in the axial jet was greater than the bulk flow in the swirler and the mean equivalence ratio was greater than unity. It was found that the amplitude of oscillations was unaffected by values of bulk mean velocity of the axial jet greater than 2.5 times that in the swirler for a main flow swirl number of 1.35, and 4 times that value for a swirl number of 0.6. Larger values of axial jet velocity led to a decrease in amplitude due to the penetration of the swirl-induced recirculation region by the jet and the consequences for the distribution of heat release. 

Hastings I am not a geneticist, but it is safe to say that penetrance isn t complete. Some of the animals are completely arrhythmic, but most of them aren t. This is a phenotype we have seen in several different animal facilities. These mice are interesting at a number of levels. For example, they can be useful as a model to study the liver devoid of SCN control. As for the origin of the antiphasic behaviour, it is a systems neuroscience question. Recent work from Mike Menaker s lab (Abe et al 2002) has shown the existence of weak extra-SCN oscillators in the brain which may or not be involved in the antiphasic behaviour of Vpacl knockout mice under dark—dark conditions (DD). 

---