Penetration depths, comparison with

The detection of residual austenite in fact requires average frequency, however for comparison reasons (reference) with a different recognized method, it is recommended to use high frequency, as with high frequency of eddy currents the penetration depth is comparable in the diffraction method and eddy current method. 

Fig. 15.6 Comparison of the cover penetration depths (a) and cover RI sensitivities (b) of conventional and reverse waveguides (marked with RW) for the zeroth and first order TE and TM modes. Reprinted from Ref. 34 with permission. 2008 Elsevier...

Figure 6. Comparison of XPS depth profiles for Cs in obsidian at various temperatures (broken lines) with predicted penetration depths based on profiles calculated by Equation 4 (solid lines).

Figure 10. Penetration depth for chemical vapor deposition into cylindrical pores with radii of 1, 5, and 10 pm. Left-hand side comparison of experimental data with theoretical calculations. Right-hand side calculation of combined effects of diffusion and chemical reaction during the CVD process, using the Damkohler number (22-25).

Table 11.1 shows the penetration depths of glass splinters with different types of gloves and an unprotected hand for comparison. 

There are a number of spectroscopic methods for the investigation of defects in materials. In principle, one is able to apply all of them to the effects caused by ion bombardment. But since the penetration depth of the ions is only a small fraction of the total crystal, one has to take care that the effect of interest is intense enough in comparison with the background. 

Typical force - penetration depth curves can be obtained, as shown in Fig. 4.24, together with a comparison of nanoindentation and bulk mechanical tests. Using the approaches as reported by Tranchida et al. a good correspondence between surface and bulk values of the Young s modulus can be achieved. 

The advantages of electron-beam processing include that it can be carried out at room temperature and on the final product part, the fact that there is no need for catalysts or solvents and flexible control of radiation dose and application. Limitations are the high capital cost and the limited penetration depth (in comparison with higher-energy y-radiation). 

For this reason, the penetration depths are much lower in comparison with the reference mortar composition. For the mixtures with 20% concentration of styrene-butadiene and styrene-acrylate, the depth of water penetration after dry storage is lower compared to the depth after storage under water. This is contrary to the results of the reference mortar composition and shows that a drying out of the mortar is necessary to activate the effects of the polymer dispersions. 

Another circumstance concerns the depth of penetration as it relates to the size of the piece that is heated. If the piece is several times larger than the depth of poietration, then the temperature gradient will resemble conventional gradients, with a cooler interior and a warmer exterior. However, if the piece is small in comparison with the penetration depth, for example, only one or two times greater, then there may be a focused accumulation of the electromagnetic field in the center of the piece due to the multiple passes of the waves and internal reflections. In this case, the center may be the hottest place, and in fact, if it is overheated, the center may bum, whereas the surface remains cool. 

Comparison between the average penetration depths (i) for the whole sample (with no distinction between earlywood and latewood), (ii) for earlywood, and (iii) for latewood, as evaluated for the adhesive mixes based on the three resins UP 1, UP 11, and UP 111... 

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