Peltier energy

The Peltier energy — ell has a simple interpretation as the mean energy with respect to the Fermi energy transported per charge carrier. 

In these formulas is the mean energy of the mobility edge /Iho in Eq. (27) is the Hall mobility that would be observed if no potential fluctuations were present. Note that the conductivity term ln((r/(To) is less affected by the fluctuations than the thermopower term (qfk)S. In particular, we mention that the Peltier energy —eST given by... 

The reversible reaction heat of the cell is defined as the reaction entropy multiplied by the temperature [Eq. (15)]. For an electrochemical cell it is also called the Peltier effect and can be described as the difference between the reaction enthalpy AH and the reaction free energy AG. If the difference between the reaction free energy AG and the reaction enthalpy AH is below zero, the cell becomes warmer. On the other hand, for a difference larger than zero, it cools down. The reversible heat W of the electrochemical cell is therefore ... 

The source of the energy of thermoelectric currents is indicated by the observation of Peltier (1884) that heat is absorbed at the... 

High-energy resolution (300 eV Peltier cooled 0.04° 20 FWHM)... 

The CPA [188], marketed by ThermoMetric AB (Sweden), is frequently used in Europe. It operates on the principle of power compensation, which is based on the supply or withdrawal of heat to and from the reactor, respectively, in order to keep the temperature at the set-point and, thus, to compensate for energy differences (either shortage or surplus). The heat is supplied or withdrawn by means of special (Peltier) elements, which produce a cold or a hot surface area if subjected to an electrical current. An accurate measurement of the heat supply/withdrawal is possible as the heat flow is directly proportional to the current supplied to the Peltier elements. 

Peltier effect - (TELLURIUM AND TELLURIUM COMPOUNDS] (Vol 23) - [THERMOELECTRIC ENERGY CONVERSION] (Vol 23)... 

Huterer D, Starkman GD, Trodden M (2002) Is the universe inflating Dark energy and the future of the universe. Phys Rev D 66 043511 Hyde WT, Crowley TJ, Baum SK, Peltier WR (2000) Neoproterozoic snowball Earth simulations with a coupled climate/ice-sheet model. Nature... 

Meckler, M., "Use Peltier Heat Pumps to Improve Process Separation Availability," in Proceedings of the 14th Intersociety Energy Conversion Conference, Vol. 2, pp. 1780-1787, ACS, Washington, D.C. (1979). 

Figure 7.5 shows a composed of a bimetallic couple metal wires a and b with one junction maintained at temperature T and the other maintained at T+ dT. An electromotive force E causes a current / to pass through the wires. A Peltier heat qpe(T + dT) per unit current will be absorbed at the warm junction and an amount of heat qpe(T) will be given off at the cool junction. To maintain a temperature gradient, Thomson heat (q l h i)(dT) must be supplied to the metal a, and an amount of heat (r/Th h)(c/7 j must be removed from b, since the current is in the opposite direction in metal wire b. In a closed work cycle, the electric energy is fully converted to heat. Therefore, the energy balance per unit current by the first law of thermodynamics is... 

The second slit box is located on the detector arm between the sample and the detector. The slit nearest to the sample serves as a scatter slit. It is followed by another Soller slit and a receiving slit positioned just before the detector. The detector in this case is a solid-state detector, which is cooled by a built-in Peltier refrigerator enabling to adjust and maintain the detector sensitivity at extremely narrow width to allow only x-ray photons of specific energy to be registered. Monochromatization of the diffracted x-ray beam is, therefore, achieved electronically rather than by physical means (e.g. by a P-filter or a crystal monochromator), which increases the registered diffracted intensity by eliminating losses in the filter or in the monochromator. 

Figure 12.23 Photon energy input and heat losses for a photoelectrode/Uquid junction. (1) Photonic energy input (2) relaxation loss (3) drift loss (4) recombination loss (5) liberation of Peltier heat at the back contact (6) relaxation loss and liberation of Peltier heat at the electrolyte contact.

Thermoelectric materials have been used extensively for thermal sensing, energy conversion (heat to electricity), and for cooling (Peltier effect). In general, thermoelectric devices consist of n-type and p-type semiconductor constituents connected electrically in series and thermally in parallel [151]. While energy conversion efficiencies for thermoelectric devices are not yet competitive with conventional refrigerator or power generation systems, it is possible to achieve enhanced efficiencies... 

Figure 12.8 The two mtegories of detectors used for energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. (a) Proportional counter used in pulse mode (b) Cooled Si/Li diode detector using Peltier effect (XR detector by Amptek Inc.) (c) Functioning principle of a scintillation detector containing a large size reverse polarized semi-conductor crystal. Each incident photon generates a variable number of electron-hole pairs. The very high quantum yield enables the use of low power primary sources of X-rays (a few watts or radio-isotopic sources).

The semi-conductor transducer (scintillation counter). Each X-ray photon increases the conductivity of the active zone (the junction) of a lithium-doped silicon diode (one electron for around 3.6 eV). The background noise is reduced if the sensor is maintained at low temperature (cooled by liquid nitrogen or a Peltier device). The entry surface is protected by a beryllium film of a few pm (transparent for Z > 11) (Figure 12.8). In one or other cases the impulse furnished by the detector allows to go back to the energy of the incident photon. 

---