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Peak capacity production rate

A. Grail, C. Leonard, and R. Sacks, Peak capacity, peak-capacity production rate, and boiling point resolution for temperature—programmed GC with very high programming rates. Anal. Chem. 72(3) 591 (2000). [Pg.200]

The capacity of a collector is expressed in terms of its peak power production (Wp). This is the amount of electric power that a PV module is able to generate when it receives 1,000 watts per square meter of vertical solar irradiation at 25°C cell temperature. This is also called one sun. If this level of insolation existed for 24 h every day of the year, each m2 of collector area would receive 8,760 kWh/yr. The actual rate of power generation is naturally less. The value of Wp/ m2 of a module is also called its power density or efficiency. Therefore a 10% efficient module when receiving one sun will generate 0.1 kWp/m2 and a 15% will generate 0.15 kWp/m2. [Pg.97]

From the view point of the assessment, the quality of an HPLC separation in response to changes in different system variables, such as the stationary phase particle diameter, the column configuration, the flow rate, or mobile phase composition, or alternatively, changes in a solute variable such as the molecular size, net charge, charge anisotropy, or hydrophobic cluster distribution of a protein, can be based on evaluation of the system peak capacity (PC) in the analytical modes of HPLC separations and the system productivity (Peff) parameters in terms of bioactive mass recovered throughput per unit time at a specified purity level and operational cost structure. The system peak capacity PC depends on the relative selectivity and the bandwidth, and can be defined as... [Pg.160]

Even with speed optimized UHPLC methods in the second dimension, such methods take at least 4 h to run, which corresponds to a peak production rate of 10—15 peaks/min. Highly speed optimized 2D-LC methods for moderate peak capacities of up to 1800 can nowadays be run in approximately 100 min, which corresponds to peak production rates of up to 18 peaks/min. [Pg.130]

Using UHPLC pressure capabUities of 1400 bar allows the user to operate 3 pm stationary phases in column chains up to 150 mm in length with Uq/V m = 35 at reasonable analysis times of 4 h as well. This results in very impressive peak capacities for ID-LC that can exceed = 1000, but only moderate peak production rates of 4-5 peaks/min. [Pg.130]

With ID-UHPLC pressures of 1400 bar it is possible to achieve the highest productivity for complex sample analysis when using dp 2.2 pm in 400— 500 mm column lengths. Such methods can achieve peak capacities of 700—800 in only 30—40 min, which corresponds to amazing productivity rates of 20-25 peaks/min. [Pg.130]

If peak capacities significantly higher than 1000 are required, 2D-LC is the only option. For peak capacities of 500—700, ID-UHPLC can provide excellent production rates and the effort of 2D-LC is difficult to justify, unless a specific selectivity combination from the two dimensions proves indispensable. [Pg.130]

Pharmacokinetic Measures of Systemic Exposure Both direct (e.g., rate constant, rate profile) and indirect (e.g., Cmax, Tmax, mean absorption time, mean residence time, Cmax normalized to AUC) pharmacokinetic measures are limited in their ability to assess rate of absorption. This guidance, therefore, recommends a change in focus from these direct or indirect measures of absorption rate to measures of systemic exposure. Cmax and AUC can continue to be used as measures for product quality BA and BE, but more in terms of their capacity to assess exposure than their capacity to reflect rate and extent of absorption. Reliance on systemic exposure measures should reflect comparable rate and extent of absorption, which in turn should achieve the underlying statutory and regulatory objective of ensuring comparable therapeutic effects. Exposure measures are defined relative to early, peak, and total portions of the plasma, serum, or blood concentration-time profile, as follows ... [Pg.139]

A distinct change in the rate of production occurred during 1971 when production increased only 0.1 Tcf. Although this change results from many factors, including the fact that the 1971-1972 winter was unseasonably mild in many parts of the country, it may also indicate that the Nation s peak productive capacity is being approached. As will be discussed later, this peak has been projected to begin about 1973. [Pg.4]


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