Payers

Fourkas J T and Payer M D 1992 The transient grating a holographic window to dynamic processes Acc. Chem. Res. 25 227-33... 

Lee H W H, Walsh C A and Payer M D 1985 Inhomogeneous broadening of eleotronio transitions of ohromophores in orystals and glasses analysis of hole burning and fluoresoenoe line narrowing experiments J. Chem. Phys. 82 3948-58... 

Schematic diagrams of modem experimental apparatus used for IR pump-probe by Payer and co-workers [50] and for IR-Raman experiments by Dlott and co-workers [39] are shown in figure C3.5.3. Ultrafast mid-IR pulse generation by optical parametric amplification (OPA) [71] will not discussed here. Single-colour IR pump-probe or vibrational echo experiments have been perfonned with OP As or free-electron lasers. Free-electron lasers use...

VER rates cannot be predicted from vibrationai iineshapes aione [5] except for a few exceptionai cases [2, 91]. The most detaiied deconstmction of vibrationai iineshapes to date is tire work of Payer and co-workers [92], who studied W(CO)g in giass-fonning iiquids inciuding 2-metiiyi pentane (2MP = 80 K). The tripiy degenerate... 

Kenkre V M, Tokmakoff A and Payer M D 1994 Theory of vibrational relaxation of polyatomio moleoules in liquids J. Chem. Phys. 101 10618-29... 

Tokmakoff A and Payer M D 1995 Infrared photon eoho experiments exploring vibrational dynamios in liquids and glasses Accounts Chem. Res. 28 437-45... 

Hill J R, Ziegler C J, Susliok K S, DIott D D, Rella C W and Payer M D 1996 Tuning the vibrational relaxation of CO bound to heme and metalloporphyrin oomplexes J. Phys. Chem. 100 18023-32... 

Tokmakoff A, Sauter B, Kwok A S and Payer M D 1994 Phonon-induoed soattering between vibrations and muitiphoton vibrationai up-pumping in iiquid soiution Chem. Phys. Lett. 221 412-18... 

Cinfhoninic and Quininic Acids. The quinoline half is usually presented in the form of one of these acids, early syntheses of which are due to Pictet and Misner and Kaufmann and Payer, ... 

Cron, C. J., Payer, J. H. and Staehle, R. W., Dissolution Behaviour of Fe-Fe3C Structures as a Function of pH, Potential and Anion an Electron Microscopic Study , Corrosion, 27, 1 (1971)... 

Payer, J. H. and Staehle, R. W., Localised Attack on Metal Surfaces , Corros. Fatigue Chem. 

Parkins, R. N, Stress.Corrosion Cracking .i-The Slow.Sirain RateTechniepte ASTMSTP. 665, Ediidd by G. M.i Ugianski and J. Fl., Payer. ASTM Philadelphia. Pa, p 5 (1979) ... 

Controlled Strain-rate Tests Controlled strain-rate tests were first developed by Parkins (see Ugiansky and Payer ) for the study of stress-corrosion cracking. These took the form of constant strain-rate tests (also known, perhaps more accurately, as constant extension-rate tests). Since then alternative forms of test have been developed to modify the conditions under which the specimen is exposed. 

Ugiansky G. M. and Payer, J. H., (Eds) Stress Corrosion Cracking-The Slow Strain Rate Technique, ASTM STP 665 (1979)... 

Jaske, C. E., Payer, J. H., and Balint, V. S., Corrosion Fatigue of Metals in Marine Environments, Springer-Verlag and Batelle Press, (1981)... 

Estimates were made by Uhlig in the USA. Worner in Australia, and Vernon in the UK, in which the cost of protection and prevention were added to the cost of deterioration due to corrosion. These early estimates were made by individual scientists from cost information from new major industries scaled up to a national level, and were of the order of 1-1.5% of GNP. More detailed estimates were subsequently made by the Committee on Corrosion and Protection (the Hoar Committee) in the UK, and Payer etal. for the National Bureau of Standards in the USA. The later estimates were around 3.5-4% of GNP, the higher figure reflected factors not covered in the earlier surveys, which were, moreover, based on organisations which had probably already taken action to minimise their corrosion costs. Estimates have since been made for other European countries which tend to confirm the higher figure. 

Payer,. H. et al.. Economic Effects of Corrosion in the USA, NBS Special Publication 511-1, 511-2, National Bureau of Standards, Washington (1978)... 

HelUnger and Fleishman (2000) derived estimates for costs of treating people with HIV disease in the United States using patient-based, payer-based, and provider-based approaches. Based on insurance data from 1996, they calculated average annual cost of treating a person with HIV disease between US 20,000 and US 24,700. 

This book, which incorporates materials written by some of the finest minds in pharmacy practice and education, can enable the reader to play a crucial role in improving the drug use process for patients, providers, payers, and society. The purpose of this book is to help hone your skills so you can make a real improvement in the therapies you provide to your patients. Current and future clinicians can rely on the information laid out here to enhance your knowledge and allow you to assist your patients with the sound advice that they expect you to provide. Use the text, case histories, and numerous examples detailed here to expand your therapeutic skills, and to help positively impact your patients in the years to come. 

The philosophy in which Table 9.1 is inspired requires some elucidation given the role of doctors as their patients agents, they could be placed on either the demand side and the supply side. Here we have opted for the latter approach, in view of their function as prescribers, who prefigure the available supply and simultaneously help towards defining the demand. The reference pricing system figures twice, insofar as it seeks to influence both demand and supply at the same time. As far as demand is concerned, it is designed to break the consumer/decision-maker/payer dissociation that characterizes the... 

Currently, physicians and patients determine the demand for pharmaceuticals and employers and insurers assume the risk and cost. As the price of new health care technologies escalates, payers will design and implement strategies to share risk and cost. Defined employer contributions, increased patient cost sharing, and benefit exclusions will be used to help control utilization and cost. In this environment, value-based assessments will be crucial to the adoption of any technological innovation. It is reasonable to expect public and private coverage for new therapies if evidence is provided regarding the costs and consequences of treatment. However, social and ethical dilemmas will certainly arise as therapies whose costs exceed their benefits are debated in the public arena. 

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