Patterning speed

Figure 1. Weight function vs. the pattern speed, fip, for the lower (Carina arm). The five graphs represent different assumed Rq and vq. Each graph is obtained by minimizing the weight function while fixing the value of ftp. The two minima in W demonstrate that there are probably two sets of spiral arms. An apparent feature is that pictures where the sun is placed at larger radii yields overall better fits. This strongly suggests that Rq > 8 kpc. This however is still not substantiated and therefore requires further analysis.

In fig. 1, we also find that the more dominating minimum is of the lower pattern speed. The actual results for the fits to a logarithmic arm (eq. 1) are shown in fig. 2(a,b), while the results for second (higher) pattern speed are shown in fig. 2(c,d). 

We have analyzed the Loktin et al., 1997, and the Dias et al., 2002, open cluster data in order to derive the pattern speed of the Sagittarius-Carina spiral arm. In our analysis, we obtained two arm sets that coexist in the vicinity of the Carina arm. In the velocity spectrum diagram, the lower flp is more dominant, with lower values of the weight function VV. We find f carina.i = 16-51 Asys = = 1-1 stat km sec-1 kpc-1. For the higher pattern speed in the Carina arm, we find D carma = 29.81 ° 1.3stat km sec-1 kpc-1. 

Human error can be defined as an action that is inconsistent with established behavioral patterns (speeding ticket, public intoxication, etc.) considered normal or that differs from prescribed procedures. Errors can be divided into two categories predictable and random. Predictable errors are those which experience has shown will occur again if the same conditions exist. Predictable errors can be foreseen because their occurrence has taken place more... 

A nanoimprint-based patterning technique that can be applied in a continuous roll-to roll process to drastically increase the patterning speed is thus an attractive proposition. Continuous roll-to-roll nanoimprint processes are capable of replicating 300 nm line width optical grating patterns on both hard glass and flexible plastic substrates have been demonstrated [60, 61]. 

In this respect, it should be mentioned that the combined AEM and electrochemistry could provide much faster patterning speeds as the formation of patterns is not limited to solution diffusion. This means that the direct mode of SECM that is not manifested by techniques such as EPN could be used in a programmable approach for making nanometric patterns with speeds of micrometer per second. Yet, the scope of these methods is still somewhat limited and usually involves oxidation of monolayers. 

As might be expected, this simple picture does not hold perfectly. The coefficient of friction tends to increase with increasing velocity and also is smaller if the pavement is wet [14]. On a wet road, /x may be as small as 0.2, and, in fact, one of the principal reasons for patterning the tread and sides of the tire is to prevent the confinement of a water layer between the tire and the road surface. Similarly, the texture of the road surface is important to the wet friction behavior. Properly applied, however, measurements of skid length provide a conservative estimate of the speed of the vehicle when the brakes are first applied, and it has become a routine matter for data of this kind to be obtained at the scene of a serious accident. 

Fig. 15. Flow pattern in rotating Couette flow where and Q2 represent the outer and inner rotational speeds.

Consumer Products. Laser-based products have emerged from the laboratories and become familiar products used by many millions of people in everyday circumstances. Examples include the supermarket scaimer, the laser printer, and the compact disk. The supermarket scanner has become a familiar fixture at the point of sale in stores. The beam from a laser is scaimed across the bar-code marking that identifies a product, and the pattern of varying reflected light intensity is detected and interpreted by a computer to identify the product. Then the information is printed on the sales sHp. The use of the scanner can speed checkout from places like supermarkets. The scanners have usually been helium—neon lasers, but visible semiconductor lasers may take an impact in this appHcation. 

Grinder Variables. The quaUty of pulp depends on wood species, moisture content, and grinder variables such as peripheral stone speed, grit size and number per unit area, and pattern on the stone surface. Process variables that affect pulp quaUty include grinding pressure pit consistency, ie, consistency in the space immediately below the grinder (2—6%) and temperature (40—80°C). The combination of moisture and raised temperature tends to soften the lignin. 

Position Sensitive Detectors. By replacing the scintillation detector in a conventional powder diffractometer with a Position Sensitive Detector (PSD), it is possible to speed data collection. For each x-ray photon received a PSD records the angle at which it was detected. Typically, a conventional scintillation detector records x-ray photons in a range of a few hundredths of a degree at a time. A PSD can measure many degrees (in 20) of a powder pattern simultaneously. Thus, for small samples, data collection, which could require hours with a conventional detector, could take minutes or even seconds with a PSD. 

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