Pathogens resistance

The discovery and biological properties of lincomycin (1, R = OH, R = H) were described ia 1962 (1). This antibiotic is active in vitro and in vivo against most of the common gram-positive pathogens. Resistance by Staphylococci is developed slowly ia a stepwise manner, based on in vitro serial subculture experiments, and its activity is not iafluenced by body fluids up to concentrations of 50% ia the assay medium (2). 

Norfloxacin (1, R = C2H5, R = H), a typical example, exhibits broad-spectrum activity and is useful in the treatment of upper respiratory tract and urinary infections [7] Lomefloxacin (2), a very recent introduction, is a third-generation product that, given once daily, is especially useful against pathogens resistant to cephalosponns, penicillins, and aminoglycosides [4] Floxacillin (J) is a stable, orally active antibacterial with improved activity over thenonfluonnated product (cloxacillin) [5]... 

Bindschedler L.V. Dewdney J. Blee K. A. et al. Peroxidases -dependent apoplastic oxidative burst in Arabidopsis required for pathogen resistance // Plant J. 2006. V. 47. P. 851-863. 

DE JAEGER, G., DE WILDE, C EECKHOUT, D., FIERS, E., DEPICKER, A., The plantibody approach expression of antibody genes in plants to modulate plant metabolism or to obtain pathogen resistance, Plant Mol. Biol., 2000,43,419-428. 

Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is an emerging public health crisis. The prevalence of pathogens resistant to currently available antibiotics continues to grow annually. Two million patients in the U.S. acquire an infection during a hospital stay and approximately 90,000 of these patients die each year as a result of the infection [1]. More than 70% of hospital-acquired infections are now resistant to... 

Table I. Proportion of Strains of Intramammary Pathogens Resistant to Antibiotics — u.s,. Data U) C/3 n X c N tn...

Several 2-fluoroerythromycin derivatives have also been prepared by means of electrophilic fluorination with Selectfluor of the enolate of the )S-ketoester fragment (Fig. 45) [121]. Fluorination is stereoselective and leads to the a-fluo-rine compound [122]. Two derivatives of 2-fluoroerythromycin are in clinical development HMR-3562 and HMR-3787). These compounds are promising agents for the treatment of respiratory pathogens resistant to erythromycin A (Fig. 45) [123]. 

Verbeme, M.C. Verpoorte, R. Bol, J.F. Mercado-Bianco, J. Linthorst, HJ.M. (2000) Overproduction of salicylic acid in plants by bacterial transgenes enhances pathogen resistance. Nature Biotechnol, 18, 779-83. 

Roy, B.A., Kirchner, J.W. Evolutionary dynamics of pathogen resistance and tolerance. Evolution 2002 54 51-... 

SHULAEV, V., SILVERMAN, P., RASKIN, I., Airborne signaling by methyl salicylate in plant pathogen resistance, Nature, 1997,385, 718-721. 

Screening plant cultlvars and breeding lines for pathogen resistance (91,92). 

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