Bacteria pathogenic antibiotic-resistant

Rapid Profiling of Human Pathogenic Bacteria and Antibiotic Resistance Employing Specific Tryptic Peptides as Biomarkers... 

Bacterial resistance to antibiotics has been recognized since the first drugs were introduced for clinical use. The sulphonamides were introduced in 1935 and approximately 10 years later 20% of clinical isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae had become resistant. Similar increases in sulphonamide resistance were found in streptococci, coliforms and other bacteria. Penicillin was first used in 1941, when less than 1 % of Staphylococcus aureus strains were resistant to its action. By 1947,3 8% of hospital strains had acquired resistance and currently over 90% of Staph, aureus isolates are resistant to penicillin. Increasing resistance to antibiotics is a consequence of selective pressure, but the actual incidence of resistance varies between different bacterial species. For example, ampicillin resistance inEscherichia coli, presumably under similar selective pressure as Staph, aureus with penicillin, has remained at a level of 30-40% for mai years with a slow rate of increase. Streptococcus pyogenes, another major pathogen, has remained susceptible to penicillin since its introduction, with no reports of resistance in the scientific literature. Equally, it is well recognized that certain bacteria are unaffected by specific antibiotics. In other words, these bacteria have always been antibiotic-resistant. 

Effect of livestock breed and husbandry (including veterinary antibiotic treatments) on the incidence of pathogens and antibiotic-resistant bacteria... 

Although antibiotics have rendered possible the medical control of various infectious agents (mainly bacterial), numerous pathogens remain for which no effective treatment exists. Most of these pathogens are non-bacterial (e.g. viral, fungal and parasitic, including protozoal). In addition, the overuse/abuse of antibiotics has hastened the development of antibiotic-resistant super bacteria , which have become a serious medical problem. 

The generalized evidences on the increase of antibiotic resistance, allied with the development of analytical methods and genome exploring tools, motivated numerous studies on the environmental pollution produced by antimicrobials and other anthropogenic substances or on the diversity and distribution of antibiotic resistance genes (e.g. [3, 10, 26, 32]). Overall, these studies showed the complexity of antibiotic resistance dissemination in the environment. For instance, it was revealed that (1) not only bacterial pathogens but, very often environmental bacteria are important reservoirs of antibiotic resistance (2) antibiotic resistance may have a... 

R-plasmids can be transferred from normally nonpathogenic E. coli to certain pathogenic strains of bacteria with which they may come in contact in man or animals. Since R-plasmids carry drug resistance, this transfer can result in the creation of pathogenic strains of bacteria which are resistant to antibiotic therapy. 

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