Mating multiple

Females of many salamander species mate multiple times (Halliday and Verrell, 1984 Labanick, 1983 Tilley and Hausman, 1976). Spermatozoa are stored in the spermatheca until they are needed for fertilization. Many insect species also store sperm from multiple inseminations. Depending on the particular insect species, paternity of clutches can be attributed to the first sire alone, some combination of all or most sires, or only the last sire (Parker, 1970 Gwynne, 1984). The only evidence for sperm... 

Jawor, J. M., Linville, S. U., Beall, S. M., and Breitwisch, R. 2003. Assortative mating by multiple ornaments in northern cardinals (Cardinalis cardinalis). Behav. Ecol. 14 515-520. 

Robson, T.E., Goldizen, A.W. and Green, D.J. (2005) The multiple signals assessed by female satin bowerbirds could they be used to narrow down females choices of mates Biol. Lett. 1, 264-267. 

Shine, R. and Mason, R.T. (2001) Courting male garter snakes use multiple cues to identify potential mates. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 49, 465—473. 

While mate choice for unfamiliar partners might be explained by the fitness benefits of multiple mating, inbreeding avoidance, and favouring rare genotypes, preference for familiar males is also sometimes observed. Why would females choose relatively familiar males as mates, given the benefits outlined above of avoiding such males ... 

Stockley, P., Searle, J.B., Macdonald, D.W. and Jones, C.S. (1993) Female multiple mating-behaviour in the common shrew as a strategy to reduce inbreeding. Proc. R. Soc. B 254, 173-179. 

Fig. 3.3 A contour plot of a 750 MHz two-dimensional NOESY spectrum of the mating pheromone Er-22 adapted from Ref. [6]. B Cross section along to, displaying strong artifacts at multiples of A=340 Hz corresponding to a time variation of...

Murray and Hunt, 1993). Cyclins, kinases, and phosphatases that regulate the passage of the cell through the G] — S phase transition are all present in mammals, invertebrates, and plants (Solomon, 1993 Doonan and Fobart, 1997 Zavitz and Zipursky, 1997). However, multicellular eukaryotes contain multiple orthologs of yeast cell cycle proteins they initiate proliferation via growth factors, rather than, for example, yeast mating factors, and they possess additional checkpoint controls and repair pathways. 

A lai e, three-generation family in whom multiple members are affected with a rare, undiagnosed disease is being studied. Affected males never produce affected children, but affected females do produce affected children of both sexes when they mate with unaffected males. What is the most likely mode of inheritance ... 

G. Waser. Effects of multiple, chronic CS199 and early hashish exposure on mating behavior, nest-building, and gestation in mice. Comp Biochem Physiol 1982 ... 

Fertility assessment in test animals has limited sensitivity as a measure of reproductive injury, because, unlike humans, males of most test species produce sperm in excess of the minimum requirements for fertility. In addition, test animals can undergo multiple matings (Amann, 1981 Working, 1988 Chapin Heindel, 1993). In some strains of rats and mice, production of sperm can be reduced by 90% or more without compromising fertility (Aafjes et al., 1980 Meistrich, 1982 Working, 1988) in human males, less severe reduction in sperm production can cause reduced fertility. Thus, measurement of change in sperm count or fertility in laboratory rodents may be insufficient to assess reproductive health risk in humans. Other animal models may be more suitable for assessing fertility (Chapin et al., 1998). However, it should not be assumed that a reduction in sperm count (i.e., <90%) will have no effect on fertility in rodents (Wine et al., 1997). 

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