Passive learning

The active team members would make presentations followed by questions and discussions from the other two passive learning teams. This enabled the active team members to acknowledge the view points... 

Wait and see orientation passive learning by observation analysis... 

Definition 3-8 Interactive learning involves experiment generation and classification queries to an oracle. Passive learning is non-interactive learning. 

Compilation of results. In order to reduce as much as possible the effects of possible sources of noise we were forced to fix some properties of passive and active optical components. Let us summarize what we have learned. The laser has the following properties A = 1064 nm, P > 10 W, single mode operation, w(0) 3 cm. The mirrors must have the following... 

The tests generally involve some form of maze but the simplest is the passive avoidance test. In this the animal learns that in a certain environment it will be punished with an electric shock for some particular action, like stepping onto a special part of the floor of the test chamber. The test of memory is how long the rat avoids (remains passive to) making the movement that will initiate the shock. Of course, drugs that reduce the animal s anxiety also modify the response. Using a maze in its simplest T shape, the animal is placed at the base of the vertical arm and a food reward at the end of one of the horizontal arms. Clearly the animal has to learn which arm contains the reward. Memory is assessed by the time taken for a food-deprived animal to reach the reward and the number of false arm entries. This simple system can be made more complex by introducing many more arms and branches but the principle is the same. 

It was learned that pitting-type metal and semiconductor corrosion is attended by the generation of noise seen in the form of dynamic irregularities in the changes of the anodic potential and current density. Thus, electrochemical noise studies were applied to the corrosion and passivation of metals and to their activation by external chemical (activating additives in the electrolyte) or electrochemical (anodic or cathodic polarization) agents. 

Both the M2 and M4 receptors are, as indicated above, coupled to Gj pathways and appear to mediate similar responses. The M2 receptor is widely expressed in the CNS but also present in heart and smooth muscle, while M4 is preferentially expressed in the CNS, especially in forebrain. Ablation of the M2 receptor leads to complete loss of muscarinic-agonist-stimulated bradycardia [55]. In the CNS, deletion of the M2 receptor abolishes oxotremorine induced akinesia and tremors [56]. Memory and learning tasks including passive avoidance and working memory are impaired in M2-receptor knockout mice, and there is decreased LTP in hippocampal slices [12],... 

There is not a consensus about the procedures to use to test for effects on learning and memory. The two most commonly used techniques are the water-filled maze, which is preferred for measuring learning, and passive avoidance, which is preferred for measuring memory (see Buelke-Sam et al., 1985). Retention is tested in a repeat test conducted approximately 1 week later. 

Mactutus CF, Unger KL, Tilson HA. 1982. Neonatal chlordecone exposure impairs early learning and memory in the rat on a multiple measure passive avoidance task. Neurotoxicology 3(2) 27-44. 

Reading actively is probably the most important way to use your study time effectively. If you spend an hour passively reading and retaining little of what you have read, you have wasted that hour. If you take an hour and a half to actively read the same passage, that is time well spent. However, you will not only be learning new material you will also need methods to review what you have learned ... 

Ginseng extract improves the spatial learning performance of aged rats in an eight-arm radial maze and operant discrimination task (Nitta et al. 1995). It also improves memory performance in active-avoidance (shuttle-box) and passive-avoidance (step-down) tasks, and reinforces staircase-maze learning in both young and aged rats. (Petkov and Mosharrof 1987 Petkov et al. 1990 Petkov et al. 1992). The effects were also very dose dependent, with inverted U-shape dose-response curves. 

Stoll S, Scheuer K, Pohl 0, Muller WE. (1996). Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) independently improves changes in passive avoidance learning and brain membrane fluidity in the aging mouse. Pharmacopsychiatry. 29(4) 144-49. 

The Aphorism informs us that When a man amine Individuality—Egobood—be enteri upon the plane of Will, and rises above the plane of Dewrf. Desire and Will are the opposite poles of the iam principle—the Centre of Balance being Reason. On the plane of Will, though one remain under LAW, yet he may learn to use Law instead of remaining passive to it. He may learn to oppose law to Laws. He may learn to create Desire by WjJL Furthermore—and this js the greatnt of all—he may leant to WILL to Will. He may leam to complete the... 

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