Parts and whole

Finally, three excellent (and sophisticated) monographs on the general relationship between part and whole in physics - a theme which arguably sits at the very heart of complexity theory are those by Jantsch [jant80], Kafatos and Nadeau [kafa90] and Bohm and Hiley ([bohin93] see also [bohrn80]). 

The division of the perceived universe into parts and wholes is convenient and may be necessary, but no necessity determines how it shall be done." Gregory Bateson ... 

Principle 6 Every brain simultaneously perceives and creates parts and wholes. CTL encourages students to see how each newly acquired fact relates to broader contexts. 

But one thing is certain to understand the whole you must look at the whole - Kacser H (1986). On parts and wholes in metabolism. In Welch GR, Clegg JS (eds) The organisation of cell metabolism, Plenum Press, New York, p 327... 

Typically, a domain of knowledge consists of a set of concepts together with a family of mathematical relations defined on this set. As there is no obvious way in which such a domain can be excised from the rest of the world, partitionings of this sort are always arbitrary. In fact, the situation has been neatly summed up by Bateson [13] who said that the division of the perceived universe into parts and wholes is convenient and may be necessary, but no necessity determines how it shall be done. ... 

Mass of material held at any given time in a continuously operating piece of equipment (for example drum or mixer). Emphasizing the organic or functional relation between parts and wholes. 

Sisto A, Glowacki DR, Martinez TJ. Ab initio nonadiabatic dynamics of multichromo-phore complexes a Scalable graphical-processing-unit-accelerated exciton framework. Acc Chem Res. 2014 47(9) 2857—2866. http //dx.doi.org/10.1021/ar500229p. Dresselhaus T, NeugebauerJ. Part and whole in wavefimction/DFT embedding. Theor Chem Acc. 2015 134(8) 97. http //dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00214-015-1697-4. 

Considering material substances to be clusters of parts is the bare minimum for a mereology for chemistry. Specific applications of the rules for part-whole reasoning depend on the relation between the properties of the whole and the properties of its parts. For example, in Boyle s chemical metaphysics the corpuscular constituents of material stuffs have some of the same properties as the materials of which they are parts. Which properties are shared between parts and wholes is a fundamental aspect of chemistry at any one historical moment. For example, restrictions on which predicates could be transferred down a chain of inferences from parts to wholes and wholes to parts were expressed in the distinction between primary and secondary quahties, as formulated for example by John Locke (1689 Bk 11, Chapter 8, Section 23). Colour, taste and other secondary properties were not transferred firom wholes to their parts. Wholes and their parts shared mechanical ... 

These conditions are similar to those of the corpuscularian mereology except that the size, shape and mass of the parts of mass substances are created by the choice of the means by which parts are produced. The identity conditions for parts and wholes of mass substances are contingent on choice of bucket . 

The place at which this transfer occurs is illustrated in Figure 8.19 as a thin circle on the lower chromatographic plate. Because the overpressure is uniform throughout the whole system, the compounds will be divided into two parts and migrate in both circular (outwards) and anticircular (inwords) directions. A hole at the centre of the... 

The thus-washed crude product is dissolved in a mixture of 12 parts of ethanol and 20 parts of benzene, with mild warming if necessary. 1 Part of sodium chloride and 1.5 parts of saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution are added to the obtained solution in ethanol-benzene, and whole thoroughly admixed. When the brine layer has settled. It is separated and the afore-described washing repeated. The clear solution is concentrated under reduced pressure until incipient formation of crystals and is then poured into 30 parts of benzene, whereupon a thick crystalline pulp is forthwith formed which, after being cooled to room temperature, is centrifuged off. The so-obtained 5-allyl-5-( 3-hydroxypropyl)-barbituric acid is dried at 70°C under reduced pressure and can be used for therapeutic purposes without further purification. Melting point 164 °C to 165°C. Yield 5 parts. 

Note that, as a concept, collectivism is really distinct from both the top-down reductionist approach traditionally favored by most physicists ( system as a simple edifice of its microscopic parts), and the more recent neural-net-like bottom-up approach favored by connectionists ( system as a synthesis of its constituent parts). Collectivism asserts that a system is more than just a large-part synthesized from smaller-parts, but is a coherent whole whose evolution is continuously redefined... 

Advances in Chemistry Series was founded in 1949 by the American Chemical Society as an outlet for symposia and collections of data in special areas of topical interest that could not be accommodated in the Society s journals. It provides a medium for symposia that would otherwise be fragmented, their papers distributed among several journals or not published at all. Papers are refereed critically according to ACS editorial standards and receive the careful attention and processing characteristic of ACS publications. Papers published in Advances in Chemistry Series are original contributions not published elsewhere in whole or major part and include reports of research as well as reviews since symposia may embrace both types of presentation. 

Vayssieres, J., Guerrin, F., Paillat, J.-M., and Lecomte, P. (2009). GAMEDE A global activity model for evaluating the sustainability of dairy enterprises. Part I—Whole-farm dynamic model. Agric. Syst. 101,128-138. 

---