Particles surface charge segregation

The principal mystery concerns the mechanism responsible for the charging during collisions explanations have included frictional electricity, fracture, thermoelectricity, and induction. Baker and Dash have proposed that the mechanism involves thin liquid films on the colliding particles and ion segregation between the surface liquid and the ice interfaces, then the transfer of charged surface liquid between the colliding particles [3,4]. 

In addition to thermal desorption, gas desorption has been found to result from electron, ion and photon bombardment of surfaces. Therefore, simultaneous particle and photon bombardments can be expected to alter desorption rates, as well as the nature and charge distribution of the desorbed species. Furthermore, simultaneous bombardment of a surface by neutrons and ions could affect diffusion processes, e.g., by radiation-induced segregation. In turn, desorption processes can be influenced by altering the diffusion of species from the bulk to the surface. The type, energy, and angular distribution of particles expected to strike neutral beam injector dump areas (such areas can represent 1/9 of total first wall area) can cause synergistic effects on gas desorption which can be quite different from those expected from the interaction of plasma radiations with the first wall. 

The mean value of the bz is responsible for the fall (undercooling) or rise (overheating) of the of a surface and a nanosolid. The bz is also responsible for other thermally activated behavior such as phase transition, catalytic reactivity, crystal structural stability, alloy formation (segregation and diffusion), and stability of electrically charged particles (Coulomb explosion), as well as the crystal growth and atomic diffusion, atomic gliding displacement that determine the ductility of nanosolids. 

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