Frictional electricity

Reibungs-antrieb, m. (Mach.) friction drive, -beiwert, m. coefficient of friction, -elek-trizitat, /, frictional electricity, -festigkeit. 

Because all real processes are irreversible as a result of friction, electrical resistance, etc., any processes involving real systems experience an increase in entropy. For such systems... 

Author has introduced the discovery of mechanolysis, a novel phenomenon of water splitting [9,10], which has been understood as a result of frictional electricity between the Teflon stirring rod and the Pyrex glass of the beaker, where pure water containing semiconductor powder is filled. Author [9] has pointed opt that the semiconductor must have the property of the hopping conductivity, and called tribolysis. There exists another type of mechanolysis, which may be due to the piezo electrolysis. This type is called piezolysis, but not discovered yet. 

Know how such reactions might be initiated (e.g., heat, contamination, inadvertent mixing, impact, friction, electrical short, lightning). 

Primary explosives differ from secondary explosives in that they undergo a rapid transition from burning to detonation and have the ability to transmit the detonation to less sensitive (but more powerful) secondary explosives. Primary explosives have high degrees of sensitivity to initiation through shock, friction, electric spark, or high temperature, and explode whether confined or unconfined. Some widely used primary explosives include lead azide, silver azide, tetrazene, lead styphnate, mercury fulminate, and diazodinitrophenol. Nuclear weapon applications normally limit the use of primary explosives to lead azide and lead styphnate. 

Fig. 5 The current River Rhone temperature regime (grey, black) as a result of damming (and partly climate change) compared with daily data (red, blue) from one century ago (1886 and 1904/5). The data has been collected at Porte du Scex by [19], by [18] and by [16] for 1886 (blue), 1904/5 (red), and in the last decades (grey, black), respectively. The red dots are daily values (afternoon). The black bars represent minima and maxima for the period 1982-2002. The hydropower operation has a smoothing effect on the temperature below the outlets in the River Rhone In winter, the current temperature is about 2°C above natural (warming from prewarmed reservoirs) and in summer about 1 °C cooler (less riverbed friction electricity production). The annual average remains almost constant. Details in [10]...

Hayes (1938), 572-78 (Propellent primers-percussion, friction, electric, combination and igniting) 578 (Fuze primers) 579-97 (Projectile fuzes) 624-25 (Historical on primers in military rifles) 658-60 (Small arms primers) 660 (Berdan primer)... 

The repulsive interaction of droplets possessing like electrical charge seems to contribute to emulsion stability. Electrical charges on droplets in emulsions can arise by ionization, absorption, or frictional electricity produced by the large shearing forces required for emulsion formation. 

Primary explosives have a high degree of sensitivity to initiation through shock, friction, electric spark or high temperatures and explode whether they are confined or unconfined. Typical primary explosives which are widely used are lead azide, lead styphnate (trinitroresorci-nate), lead mononitroresorcinate (LMNR), potassium dinitrobenzo-furozan (KDNBF) and barium styphnate. Other primary explosive materials which are not frequently used today are mercury azide and mercury fulminate. 

The lack of a quantitative understanding of the mechanism of initiation of solid explosives, as reflected in the discussions of Chapters 6-9 of Volume 1, led to the development of empirical tests to relate the sensitivities of different materials to significant stimuli, such as shock, impact, friction, electric discharge, and heat. 

Molybdenum disulfide is an interesting additive. It increases the hardness of the surface while decreasing friction. Electrical properties of the compound are virtually unaffected. It is normally used in small proportions combined with other fillers such as glass. M0S2 reacts with oxidizing acids and is inert towards most other chemicals. 

He entered the University of Lund in the autumn of 1873, and it is fair to say that he never left. He received his doctorate in mathematics from that institute in 1879 and was appointed a teacher of mathematics there in 1881. But in 1876 Rydberg was also appointed as a teaching assistant at Lund s physics institute. His experimental study on friction electricity led to a position as a teacher of physics in 1882. 

Other desirable properties (permeability, friction, electrical properties, etc.)... 

In a long report to the Institut by the physician Jean Noel Halle (who had pleaded for the life of Lavoisier before the Convention, see Vol. HI, p. 367) and describing many experiments, he still distinguished between galvanism and frictional electricity on the basis of their different effects on animals. 

The poor organization of the monolayers on such surfaces was reflected in their frictional, electrical, and wear properties [161]. Electrochemical pretreatment, on the other hand, led to monolayers with significantly enhanced properties, that is, improved molecular order, chemical stability, and resistance to electrochemical oxidation. 

Ever since the discovery of the voltaic pile, there had been doubt about the identity of voltaic and common (i.e. frictional) electricity. In 1831 Faraday made his classic discovery of electromagnetic induction, and thus added a third type of electricity. The first experiment Faraday performed after he had discovered the induced current was to see if it would produce any decomposition in a drop of copper sulphate solution. The quantity of electricity passed was too small to produce any... 

In 1758 he qualified for the master s degree (Phil. Mag.) with a thesis in pure mathematics and was appointed magister docens (a post peculiar to Uppsala, a kind of assistant to the professor) in natural philosophy. In 1760 (or 1761) he became adjunct (assistant professor) in mathematics and physics. In this period he published on the rainbow, the aurora, the electrical properties of tourmaline, etc. He also made researches in electricity and drew up a table of bodies, each of which when rubbed with a preceding one became negative, but with a subsequent one positive, the strength of the electrification increasing the further apart were the two bodies in the series, an anticipation in frictional electricity of Volta s contact series (see Vol. IV). 

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