Charge segregation

It should be noted that the above phenomena all involve relative motion or charge segregation but no static electrification or true charge separation. The latter can only occur when the liquid is separated from the solid or is broken up. The above phenomena consequently can only create conditions that will permit charge separation. Any net charging process itself will, therefore, be very similar to that involved in liquid breakup except that the initial charge segregation will be influenced by double layers at the solid surface as well as by those at a liquid-gas interface. 

II. DIFFERENT MEANS FOR GAINING STABILITY A. Charge Segregation... 

When charges of opposite sign are spatially separated, a potential difference develops. This potential difference between two unit volumes at Xj and x, opposes the attempt at charge segregation. The faster-moving positive ions face strong opposition from the electroneutrality field and they are slowed down. In contrast, the slower-... 

Experimental Evidences of Polarons, Lattice-Charge Segregation, and the Isotope Effect The Role of JT Distortions... 

FIG. 31 Amphoteric poly electrolyte at charged interfaces. Schematic representation of the positive and negative charge distribution in the adsorbed layer left, stuck clays, random distribution right, dispersed clays, charge segregation. 

Fig. VIII-18. Effect of the surface charge segregation on the stability of polystyrene latex. Experimentally measured (symbols and dashed line) and theoretically computed (solid lines) stability ratios as a function of ionic strength. Different degrees of surface charge segregation were assumed in the evaluation of theoretical stability ratio a - 0 (totally smoothed out surface charges) b - 10% c - 20% d - 30% e - 40%. (From ref. [71] with pennission)...

Fig. 3.10.7. Charge segregation in an applied field caused by a bend fluctuation in a nematic of positive conductivity anisotropy. The resulting transverse field is E. ...

Ikeda, J.A.S. and Chiang, Y.-M. (1993) Space charge segregation at grain boundaries in titanium dioxide 1, Relationship between lattice defect chemistry and space charge potential. f Am. Ceram. Soc., 76, 2437—2446. 

FIGURE 4.1 Conceptual diagram of charge-by-charge and charge-segregated assemblies and their intermediates. 

It is known that the UV-vis absorption of the PMDA-ODA film consists of three peaks centered at 6.4 eV (194 nm), 5.9 eV (210 nm), 4.4 eV (280 nm), and a very weak absorption tail around 3.3 eV (376 nm) [37,45,60,62,63]. LaFemina et al. [60,64], on the basis of the experimentally measured absorption spectrum, computed the electronic transition energies in PMDA-ODA using the spectroscopically parameterized CNDO/S3 model and compared with the experimental results. Fig. 20 schematically depicts the orbital charge density for HOMO and LUMO in the PMDA-ODA. It should be noted that the charge at HOMO and LUMO is localized on the ODA and PMDA residues, respectively. This means that CT can take place via the one-electron HOMO LUMO transition. Bredas and Clarke [65] earlier observed similar charge segregation behavior on the valence effective Hamiltonian non-empirical method for PMDA-ODA. Matsumoto [66,67] also confirmed this phenomenon from the INDO/S MO calculation for a large model compound, PA-ODA-PMDA-ODA-PA. 

---