Particle macromolecules

The classical use of the term lyophilic colloids refers to soluble macromolecular materials in which the individual particles (macromolecules such as synthetic polymer chains or proteins)... 

As the liquid passes through the membrane in crossflow filtration, the particles, macromolecules, colloids, and so on, rejected by the membrane will accumulate in... 

The electrochemical coagulation is a complex process that can be used to reduce the organic content of many types of industrial wastewaters including those polluted with colloidal particles, macromolecules, or O/W emulsions. This process consists of two sequential processes the dose of the reagent, which is really the more important electrochemical process, and the subsequent coagulation/flocculation processes. In principle, these later processes are not electrochemical but chemical or physical processes. However, the mobility of the pollutants can be greatly improved due to electrophoretic or the electromigration processes, and consequently electrochemistry should also be considered in the description of these processes. 

Owens JL, Anseth KS, Randolph TW. Compressed antisolvent precipitation and photopolymerization to form highly cross-linked pol5mer particles. Macromolecules 2002 35 4289-4296. 

The probability of finding a particle/macromolecule with an orientation within a solid angle dp of some orientation p is... 

We use the convected derivative D/Dt to remind us that this equation is to be applied to the ensemble of particles/macromolecules belonging to a fixed material point. The second term represents the effect of the flow and contains p [Eq. (2-101)], whereas the last term represents the rotational diffusion process. Finally, we require an expression relating the bulk (i.e., continuum) stress to the orientation distribution. For a dilute suspension, we... 

We can see that Eqs. (2 101) (2-104) are sufficient to calculate the continuum-level stress a given the strain-rate and vorticity tensors E and SI. As such, this is a complete constitutive model for the dilute solution/suspension. The rheological properties predicted for steady and time-dependent linear flows of the type (2-99), with T = I t), have been studied quite thoroughly (see, e g., Larson34). Of course, we should note that the contribution of the particles/macromolecules to the stress is actually quite small. Because the solution/suspension is assumed to be dilute, the volume fraction is very small, (p 1. Nevertheless, the qualitative nature of the particle contribution to the stress is found to be quite similar to that measured (at larger concentrations) for many polymeric liquids and other complex fluids. For example, the apparent viscosity in a simple shear flow is found to shear thin (i.e., to decrease with increase of shear rate). These qualitative similarities are indicative of the generic nature of viscoelasticity in a variety of complex fluids. So far as we are aware, however, the full model has not been used for flow predictions in a fluid mechanics context. This is because the model is too complex, even for this simplest of viscoelastic fluids. The primary problem is that calculation of the stress requires solution of the full two-dimensional (2D) convection-diffusion equation, (2-102), at each point in the flow domain where we want to know the stress. 

Oh KS, Oh JS, Choi HS, Bae YC (1998) Effect of crosslinking density on the swelling behavior of NIPA gel particles. Macromolecules 31 7328-7335 Okay O (2000) Macroporous copolymer networks. Prog Polym Sci 25 711-779 Okay O, Gundogan N (2002) Volume phase transition of polymer networks in polymeric solvents. Macromol Theory Simul 11 287-292... 

Perez, N. Whitcombe, M.J. Vulfson, E.N. Surface imprinting of cholesterol on submicrometer core-shell emulsion particles. Macromolecules 2001, 34, 830-836. 

Tauer, K., Nozari, S., and Ali, A.M.l. (2005) Experimental reconsideration of radical entry into latex particles. Macromolecules, 38, 8611. 

J. Stejskal, P. Kratochvil, S. P. Armes, S. F. Lascelles, A. Riede, M. Helmstedt, J. Prokes, I. Krivka, Polyaniline dispersions. 6. Stabilization by colloidal silica particles, Macromolecules 1996, 29, 6814. 

Takeuchi, H. Cohen, C., Reinforcement of Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Elastomers by Chain-End Anchoring to Clay Particles. Macromolecules 1999, 32, 6792-6799. 

Landry CJT, Coltrain BK, Landry MR, Fitzgerald JJ, Long VK (1993) Poly(vinyl acetate)/ silica-filled materials material properties of in situ vs fumed silica particles. Macromolecules 26(14) 3702-3712... 

For a polymer with M = 1 O, (r = 6 nm and at M= 10 the value reaches 20 nm. Consequently, macromolecules with M> 10 are of the sizes needed to stabihze colloidal particles (macromolecules are, of comse, to induce repulsion of particles). 

While studying the distribution of SMANCS, Maeda discovered the enhanced permeability and retention effect (EPR effect), which makes the large molecules/particles (macromolecules above 40 kDa, polymeric micelles, liposomes) accumulate in tumor tissues [88-95]. This effect is due to the fact that compared to the normal tissue, the small tumors present hypervasculature and a different morphology of the blood vessels that permit the leakage of large molecules. In addition, the lymphatic system operates poorly for the recovery of those molecules from the interstitial space, so they accumulate in the tumor tissues. 

Starr, F. W, Schroder, T. B., Glotzer, S. C. (2002). Molecular Dynamics Simulation of a Polymer Melt with a Nanoscopic Particle. Macromolecules, 35(llf. 4481 1492. 

Hollow fiber membrane modules (Fig. 2.3d), consisting of fibers with diameters of 0.001-1.2 mm, offer the highest packing density of all modules available on the market and can withstand relatively high pressures. However, the control of concentration polarization and membrane fouling is difficult and an extensive pretreatment of the feed solution is required in order to remove particles, macromolecules or other materials which can precipitate at the membrane surface. 

Prucker, O., and Ruhe, J. Mechanism of radical chain polymerizations initiated by azo compounds covalently boimd to the surface of spherical particles. Macromolecules 31 602-13. 

We will now focus on the velocity of such types of cells/ particles/macromolecules during centrifugal separation, the time required to form the pellet and the relative ease with which different biologically relevant macromolecules/ cells, etc., may be pelleted. The analysis of the behavior of larger centrifuges that are open with flow in and out are considered in Section 7.3.2 as well as in Section 6.3.1.3. 

Such expressions are used also to describe the volumetric flow rate through deposits of particles, macromolecules, proteins, etc., on top of filters, membranes, etc. Often, a tortuosity factor, r, is used along with L in the definition (6.1.4g) of hydraulic permeability to accommodate... 

G. S. Ullmann and G. D. J. Phillies. Implications of the failure of the Stokes-Einstein relation for measurements with QELSS of polymer adsorption by small particles. Macromolecules, 16 (1983), 1947-1949. 

Albertsson PA (1971) Partition of cells, particles, macromolecules, 2nd ed. Wiley-Interscience, New York. 

Kato, N., et al., Thin multilayer films of weak polyelectrolytes on colloid particles. Macromolecules, 2002. 35 p. 9780-9787. 

Pasetto P, Bias H, Audouin F, Boissiere C, Sanchez C, Save M, Charleux B (2009) Mechanistic insight into surface-initiated polymerization of methyl methacrylate and styrene via ATRP from ordered mesoporous silica particles. Macromolecules 42(16) 5983-5995... 

Eerrick MR, Murtagh J, Thomas JK (1989) Synthesis and characterization of polystyrene latex particles. Macromolecules 22 1515-1517... 

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