Particle Kinetics impaction

In 1905, Albert Einstein created a mathematical model of Brownian motion based on the impact of water molecules on suspended particles. Kinetic molecular theory could now be observed under the microscope. Einstein s more famous later work in physics on relativity may be applied to chemistry by correlating the energy change of a chemical reaction with extremely small changes in the total mass of reactants and products. 

Use of LPPS with increased particle velocities and thus increased kinetic impact... 

Activated carbon, in powdered (PAC) or granular (GAC) form, has many applications in drinking water treatment. It can be used for removing taste and odor (T O) compoimds, synthetic organic chemicals (SOCs), and dissolved natural ot] nic matter (DOM) from water. PAC typically has a diameter less than 0.15 mm, and can be applied at various locations in a treatment system (Fig. 1). GAC, with diameters ranging from 0.5 to 2.5 mm, is employed in fixed-bed adsorbers such as granular media filters or post filters. Despite difference in particle size, the adsorption properties of PAC and GAC are fundamentally the same because the characteristics of activated carbon (pore size distribution, internal surface area and smface chemistry) controlling the equilibrium aspects of adsorption are independent of particle size. However, particle size impacts adsorption kinetics. 

Filtration, in the most general sense, may be defined as the removal of particles from the aerosol. This occurs either by their attachment to nonaerosol media (walls, vegetation, "fabric filters", etc.) or to larger particles which are subsequently removed. Since particle transport in the gas is intimately involved, a characterization of the gas flow field and the detailed mechanisms of particle kinetic theory near a surface must be invoked. Classically, filtration was treated as the simple adhesion of a single particle to a surface. However, it is now known that after the first particles adhere, subsequent ones tend to be captured by the initial ones to form chains. Impaction of a large particle upon such a chain or other break-off processes can cause resuspension. Thus, filtration is dependent upon properties of the aerosol and gas as a whole [1.9,10]. 

By far, the most common pretreatment for steel constructions prior to painting is blast cleaning, in which the work surface is bombarded repeatedly with small solid particles. If the individual abrasive particle transfers sufficient kinetic energy to the surface of the steel, it can remove mill scale, rust, clean steel, or old paint. The kinetic energy (E) of the abrasive particle before impact is dehned by its mass (M) and velocity (V), as given in the familiar equation ... 

If, for the cone section of a given cyclone we assume that the rate of erosive wear (wall material removed per unit time per unit area) is proportional to the total kinetic energy of the particles that impact the wall per unit time and area, then,... 

Zhou Y-G, Haddou B, Rees NV, Compton RG (2012) The charge transfer kinetics of the oxidation of silver and nickel nanoparticles via particle-electrode impact electrochemistry. Phys Chem Chem Phys 14 14354-14357... 

Due to particles extrusion, crystal lattice deformation expands to the adjacent area, though the deformation strength reduces gradually (Figs. 10(a)-10(other hand, after impacting, the particle may retain to plow the surface for a short distance to exhaust the kinetic energy of the particle. As a result, parts of the free atoms break apart from the substrate and pile up as atom clusters before the particle. The observation is consistent with results of molecular dynamics simulation of the nanometric cutting of silicon [15] and collision of the nanoparticle with the solid surface [16]. 

The particles are usually of extremely high kinetic energy and hence high temperature and are capable of breaking chemical bonds or ionising species by direct impact electron impact dissociation, ionisation and excitation (Equation 5.28) ... 

---