Parental territory

Dominant adult males mark very frequently. This advertises their aggressive dominance over the other resident and intruder males. Dominant males overmark other males urine marks, while marks by dominant males are merely investigated by others. Dominant male marks guide dominant and subordinate males to stay within their territory and to avoid areas marked by other dominant males (Hurst 1990a). Juveniles use urine marks to stay within their parental territory. 

Smith Y, Bennett BD, Bolam JP, Parent A, Sadikot AF. 1994. Synaptic relationships between dopaminergic afferents and cortical or thalamic input in the sensorimotor territory of the striatum in monkey. J Comp Neurol 344 1-19. 

The domination of the exogenous way with regard to most of the elements causes also that feathers of migratory or nomadic birds can not be applied for this kind of bioindication studies. Analysis of feathers ought to be limited to settled bird species or young individuals of other species but still remaining within the breeding territory of their parents. 

Atherosclerosis may also occur in some of the larger penetrators. Large strokes, or giant lacunes, occur as a result of the occlusion of multiple penetrators with occlusive disease in the parent vessel. This is particularly common in the MCA territory where leptomeningeal collateral flow preserves the cortex, but absence of collateral flow to the penetrator territory results in infarction [65,66]. 

In some cases, showers of small emboli cause penetrator strokes as well as cortical strokes. Small emboli may also reach these vessels. Chroiuc meningitis due to tuberculosis or syphilis commonly causes stroke in the penetrator territory due to inflammation around the parent vessel at the base of the brain with occlusion of the thin penetrators exiting through the inflammatory reaction (Table 2.4 lists the causes of lacunar infarcts) [69]. 

Atherosclerosis in the penetrator vessel Large infarct in penetrator territory with normal parent vessel lumen on CTA/MRA/direct angiography... 

Bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) detect the body odors of conspecifics indicative of dominant relationships, and increase territorial aggression toward chemical strangers. Nonspecific diet metabolites as well as specific pheromones are important in chemical mediation of social behavior (Bryant and Atema 1987). Pheromone-mediated social behaviors were also observed in the Nile (Oreochromis niloticus) and the Mozambique tilapia (O. mossambicus ). They use pheromones to establish hierarchies, display elaborate courtship rituals and parental care (mouth-brooding) (Miranda et al. 2005 Barata et al. 2008). In crustaceans, brood pheromone has been associated with maternal behavior in crayfish (Little 1975,1976). Chemical cues in the urine are also important for crustaceans to recognize individuals and to establish dominance hierarchies (Katoh et al. 2008 Skog et al. 2009). A review on crayfish courtship and dominance pheromones can be found in this volume (Breithaupt, Chap. 13). 

Fear and anxiety lead to a state of heightened arousal to deal with a predator or a threat to offspring. Aggression can be used to defend territory or achieve dominance over others. Love and emotional attachment promote pair bonding, reproduction, and parental care of offspring. Each of these, at least in animals, is mediated by the very ancient limbic system of the brain. 

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