Paraquat dichloride

Structural formulas of paraquat cation (upper) and paraquat dichloride salt (lower)... 

The recommended field application rates for terrestrial weed control usually range between 0.28 and 1.12 kg paraquat cation/ha (0.25 and 1.0 pounds/acre), between 0.56 and 2.24 kg paraquat dichloride/ha (0.5 and 2.0 pounds/acre) — both applied as an aerosol — and between 0.1 and 2.0 mg/L for aquatic weed control, although sensitive aquatic plants may be affected between 0.019 and 0.372 mg/L (Ross etal. 1979 Summers 1980 Bauer 1983 Dial and Bauer 1984). Paraquat is frequently used in combination with other herbicides (Fletcher 1974 Summers 1980). Water solutions of the dichloride salt, which usually contain 240 g/L, have been successfully mixed with 2,4-D, substituted ureas, dalapon, amitrol, and various triazines (Anonymous 1963, 1974). 

Paraquat dichloride (salt) 1, T-dimethyl-4,4 -bipyridinium dichloride... 

Paraquat is not degraded significantly in soil during incubation periods up to 16 months at 25°C by chemical or microbiological vectors (Smith and Mayfield 1978). For example, paraquat dichloride applied once annually at 4.48 kg/ha, or 4 times annually at 1.12 kg/ha, remained essentially undegraded in the soil for 6 years (Fryer et al. 1975 Moyer and Lindwall 1985). Massive applications... 

Single intravenous injection of 25 mg paraquat dichloride/kg BW 40 mg/L in drinking water for 14 days followed by 14 days of paraquat-free water... 

Prashad, D.N., D. Chambers, and DJ. Beadle. 1981. Changes in renal function associated with paraquat dichloride toxicity in the domestic fowl. Gen. Pharmacol. 12 291-293. 

Paraquat dichloride [1910-42-5] Daphnia magna EC50 (24-h) 1.07 Lilius et ah, 1995... 

The diquaternary salts of 4,4 -bipyridine are strong electrolytes and are completely dissociated in water.Thermodynamic and viscosity measurements for solutions of paraquat dichloride in water have been obtained,and enthalpy data have been determined. ° Distribution of the positive charges in the paraquat dication has been calculated from a quantum mechanical procedure." There has been much interest in the spectra of diquaternary salts of 4,4 -bipyridine ... 

Trichloroacetic acid (TCA [81.6 g]) and disodium hydrogen orthophosphate dodecahydrate Na2HP04.12H20 (89.6 g) are dissolved in 600 ml water. Paraquat dichloride (l,l-dimethyl-4,4 -bipyridinium dichloride) (70 ml 36%) is then added, and the solution is adjusted to 1,000 ml with distilled water. The mixture is then cooled on ice to prevent formation of large crystals that are slow to dissolve on thawing and is stored at -15 °C. Extractant A is prepared from 5 ml distilled water adjusted to 1,000 ml with stock solution. Extractant B is prepared by adding 10 ml stock solution (0.1 mM ATP) to approximately 950 ml Extractant A and adjusting to 1 1 with further Extractant A. Normally it is advisable to prepare 51 of stock solution so that the same batch of extractant is used for the complete analysis. 

Paraquat dichloride salt [1910-42-5] Pebulate [1114-71-2] Pendimethalin [40487 12-1] Pentachlorophenol [87-86-5] Pentachlorophenol sodium salt (Pentacon) Pentanochlor [2307-68-8]... 

Paraquat dichloride heterocyclic nitrogen, pyridine, quaternary ammonium... 

During a recent year, over 950,000 pounds of paraquat dichloride... 

Dicofol Hexane 268 20 Paraquat dichloride Aqueous acid 257 693... 

---