Paramagnetic oxygen sensors

Infrared photometers Paramagnetic oxygen sensors Thermal conductivity sensors Distillation-type analyzers 1 930s and 1 940s Refining... 

Mainly three types of oxygen sensors are used in clinical applications. Whereas the two electrochemical types have the largest market shares [12], paramagnetic sensors as the third type are important in combination with IR sensors for sidestream multi-gas analysis in anesthesia monitoring. Real multi-gas sensors such as mass spectrometers or Raman spectrometers are of minor importance. 

Stable Particulate Paramagnetic Materials as Oxygen Sensors in EPR Oximetry... 

Mounting electrodes in a bioreactor is costly, and there is an additional contamination risk for sensitive cell cultures. Some other sensors of prac ticai importance are those for dissolved oxygen and for dissolved carbon dioxide. The analysis of gas exiting from a bioreactor with an infrared unit that detects carbon dioxide or a paramagnetic unit that detects oxygen (after carbon dioxide removal) has been replaced by mass spec trophotometry. Gas chromatographic procedures coupled with a mass spectrophotometer will detect 1 the volatile components. 

There are a few common methods of measuring oxygen concentration in the gas phase. Electrochemical sensors and paramagnetic sensors are typically used to measure oxygen concentration on a wet and dry basis, respectively. Carbon monoxide (CO) is most commonly measured using a nondispersive infrared technique. A gas sample flows between an infrared radiation source and an infrared detector. Carbon monoxide absorbs infrared radiation, hence the difference in intensity proportional to the concentration of CO in the gas sample. 

Merilainen, P. T., Sensors for Oxygen analysis Paramagnetic, electrochemical, polarographic, and zirconium oxide technologies in Biomedical Instrumentation A Tbchnology, Nov./Dec 1989, 462-466. 

Magnetic sensors (mainly for oxygen) based on paramagnetic gas properties... 

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