Parallel layering method

Let us consider a plane layer of combustion products with thickness 8 parallel to the flame front. In accordance with the adopted method of calculation for a plane-parallel layer, S = 28 (see the chapter written by Hottel on radiation in the well-known reference by Mac Adams [14]). 

Recently, the structure of liquid crystals has been studied by van der Lingen and by E. Huckel, by the method of X-ray analysis. No evidence of any space-lattice structure, which is regarded as the criterion of a true crystal, was revealed in the first X-radiograms but on further investigation of -azoxyanisole in the liquid crystal form a pattern of faint horizontal lines was obtained. This might be interpreted as due to diffraction of the X-rays from parallel layers of lamellar molecules. 

The adsorption method at controlled potential or without potential application called "wet adsorption" [16, 17] is the easiest way to immobilize DNA (or probes) onto carbon transducers [2, 18, 19]. There is no need of special reagents, expensive labeled nucleic acids, or long experimental steps in adsorption-based immobilization technique. Hovewer, random immobilization of DNA were obtained with this technique and nucleic acids bound weakly to the surface as parallel layers. Additionally, it is possible to aglomerate DNA onto the surface and when the electrode is rinsed stringently, noncovalently bound DNA can be removed from the transducer surface. 

SYSTEM OF PLANE-PARALLEL LAYERS MATRIX METHOD... 

The forming method has it that isotactic polypropylene is formed as a board on which one or more parallel layers of fibers are applied. Additionally, on one side, the ends of fibers must reach out over the edge of the board to be caught and puUed. Next, the second polypropylene board is applied. The boards are heated to 175-285°C at a constant or increased pressure, and then the set is cooled down. Below 150°C, the fibers are moved to the distance up to few millimeters at 0.01-0.1 m/s. Having obtained the desired shape, the product is cooled down to the ambient temperature [3]. The technique presented in the cited patent description ensures high content of p form in the polypropylene composite reinforced with natural fiber. 

Artificial membranes had been constructed that contain a parallel layer-type assembly of gold nano-tubules that span the complete thickness of a natural or artificial membrane. These nano-tube-doped membranes are e.g. prepared via a template method depositing gold within the pores of a template membrane. The inside diameters of the Au nano-tubules can be adjusted by controlling the metal deposition time from fully open to completely closed. Based on the template (e.g. Nucleopore membranes) the nano-tubules have inside diameters down to molecular dimensions. Thus, these nano-filtcrs can be used to cleanly separate small molecules on the basis of molecular size. 

There is also the method of Dyal and Hendricks [1950], which consists in sorption of ethylene glycol, followed by desorption in a desiccator to constant weight and determination of the amount of glycol sorbed. If one assumes that the ethylene glycol is sorbed in two parallel layers on the swelling portion of a mixed-layer mineral, then it is possible to estimate directly the proportion of swelling layers. (For further information, see Section FI.)... 

Ultramodern techniques are being applied to the study of corrosion thus a very recent initiative at Sandia Laboratories in America studied the corrosion of copper in air spiked with hydrogen sulphide by a form of combinatorial test, in which a protective coat of copper oxide was varied in thickness, and in parallel, the density of defects in the copper provoked by irradiation was also varied. Defects proved to be more influential than the thickness of the protective layer. This conclusion is valuable in preventing corrosion of copper conductors in advanced microcircuits. This set of experiments is typical of modern materials science, in that quite diverse themes... combinatorial methods, corrosion kinetics and irradiation damage... are simultaneously exploited. 

The resistance when moving one layer of liquid over another is the basis for the laboratory method of measuring absolute viscosity. Poise viscosity is defined as the force (pounds) per unit of area, in square inches, required to move one parallel surface at a speed of one centimeter-per-second past another parallel surface when the two surfaces are separated by a fluid film one centimeter thick. Figure 40.16. In the metric system, force is expressed in dynes and area in square centimeters. Poise is also the ratio between the shearing stress and the rate of shear of the fluid. 

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