Paper scientific publishing, effect

In 1905, Albert Einstein identified and explained the photoelectron effect, in which light is observed to provide the energy by which electrons are ejected from within atoms. This work, one of only a handful of scientific papers actually published by Einstein, earned him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921. 

The early years of the twentieth century saw giant advances in man s understanding of nature which must be mentioned in any synopsis of the scientific history of this era. Thus, in 1901, M. Planck (NLP 1918 ) published his first paper on the black-body radiation law which ushered in the era of quantum mechanics. In 1905, A. Einstein (NLP 1918 ) published his Anna Mirabilis Papers on the photo effect, on Brownian motion, and on the theory of special relativity and the equivalence of matter and energy. 

Historically, caffeine has played an important role in trade and politics and even now the export of coffee is an extremely important part of world trade for many countries. The health effects of caffeine have been the subject of numerous scientific inquiries, many scientific papers and conferences, and many books and articles. Perhaps the best book to combine both historical and health aspects of caffeine is The World of Caffeine - The Science and Culture of the World s Most Popular Drug by Bennett Alan Weinberg and Bonnie K. Bealer, published in 2001. This book gives a wonderful account of the interaction of caffeine and society from its ancient roots to present times, as well as a look at the health effects. A book devoted almost entirely to the health effects of caffeine is Caffeine and Health by Jack E. James, published in 1991. There is no lack of information on caffeine. 

In 1789 Lavoisier and his colleagues began publishing a new journal called Annales de chimie. They founded it, not as a vehicle for anti-phlogiston propaganda, but because they wanted a journal in which papers could be published quickly. Scientific writing submitted to the Academy often did not appear in print for two years. Naturally, contributors to the journal tended to be adherents of Lavoisier s theories, so the publication of the journal had the effect of spreading... 

The vagina, as a site for drug delivery, is characterized by several features, which can be exploited in order to achieve desirable therapeutic effects. Considerable progress has been made in the last decade in this research area and the high number of patents and scientific papers published in pharmaceutical journals indicates an increasing interest in this field (Figure 22.1). 

If further scientific papers are subsequently published that indicate that there are toxic effects at lower doses than previously thought, or other toxic effects, these values may be used and the TDI will be revised if necessary (as has happened with dioxin). In principle, a similar approach is applied in setting the threshold limit value (TLV) for an industrial chemical. 

The decision to adopt a participatory approach in our research reflected the premise that the responsibility of environmental scientists is to provide reliable Information that will help society resolve its environmental problems. While the premise may be laudatory, it is slippery to apply. For example, the typical means of supplying new information to society takes the form of scientific papers published in English in international journals (e.g. Brown et al. 1992, Kainer et al. 1998). In Brazilian Amazonia, we have found, however, that information in this format does not easily reach the local and regional decisionmakers, few of whom read English or have effective access to scientific literature. Also, those who have the most at stake, the local communities, require a different mode of information transfer. 

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