Pancreas preparation

Nordback, I.H. and Cameron, J.L. (1993). The mechanism of conversion of xanthine dehydrc nase to xanthine oxidase in acute pancreatitis in the canine isolated pancreas preparation. Sutgery 113, 90-97. 

In order to obtain a compound labeled with a radioactive isotope for studies about the pancreas, p-2- and /i-3-sclenienyl alanine were prepared. Initially the synthetic route shown in Scheme 14, which allowed insertion of radioactive selenium as late in the synthesis as possible, was designed for the ji-2 isomer (116).149... 

Insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas, is essential for the metabolism of glucose, proteins, and fats. Insulins are classified on the basis of the duration of action as rapid-, intermediate-, or long-acting and on the basis of source or species, such as human or animal (beef, pork, and mixtures of beef and pork). Table 10.1 summarizes insulin preparations currendy available in the United States. 

GC/ECD and GC equipped with a microcoulometric detector have been used to determine heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide in a variety of human tissues, including the liver, brain, adrenals, lungs, heart, kidneys, spleen, and pancreas (Curley et al. 1969 Klemmer et al. 1977 Radomski et al. 1968). Details of a sample preparation method were not reported for GC equipped with a microcoulometric detector (Curley et al. 1969). Sample preparation steps for GC/ECD include homogenization, extraction with petroleum ether or hexane, usually followed by a clean-up procedure (Klemmer et al. 1977 Radomski et al. 1968). Recovery, sensitivity, and precision data were not reported (Curley et al. 1969 Klemmer et al. 1977 Radomski et al. 1968). 

Abstract. The hybrid cell lines, which we have obtained, can be widely used in veterinary virology and biotechnology for preparing vaccines, test-systems for viruses. Any strains of hybrid cells are producing the biological active proteins (enzymes and others). We have obtained hybrid cell lines (PO-TKxCO, PO-TKxHO), which are sensitive to prion protein, and also hybrid culture with P-cells of the pancreas of rabbit. 

Pectase was found in plants, both in soluble and non soluble form. It was able to break down pectose into pectinic acid, and was attributed some similarity to diastase. Neither materials could be crystallized (Payen, 1874). Claude Bernard was the first to show lipolytic activity in pancreas in 1856 (Tauber, 1949), and Dobell (1869) found that an extract from pancreas hydrolyzed both fat and starch he gave a procedure for extraction and stabilization and named this preparation pancreatine . 

Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency is most commonly caused by cystic fibrosis, chronic pancreatitis, or pancreatic resection. When secretion of pancreatic enzymes falls below 10% of normal, fat and protein digestion is impaired and can lead to steatorrhea, azotorrhea, vitamin malabsorption, and weight loss. Pancreatic enzyme supplements, which contain a mixture of amylase, lipase, and proteases, are the mainstay of treatment for pancreatic enzyme insufficiency. Two major types of preparations in use are pancreatin and pancrelipase. Pancreatin is an alcohol-derived extract of hog pancreas with relatively low concentrations of lipase and proteolytic enzymes, whereas pancrelipase is an enriched preparation. On a per-weight basis, pancrelipase has approximately 12 times the lipolytic activity and more than 4 times the proteolytic activity of pancreatin. Consequently, pancreatin is no longer in common clinical use. Only pancrelipase is discussed here. 

At this point she began to explore an amazing array of treatments and dietary schemes. There were liver detoxifiers, intestinal detoxifiers, antiparasite formulas, live bacteria treatments, pancreas extracts, chelated minerals, and organic juice regimens. Then there were the herbal preparations, everything... 

Minkowski tried unsuccessfully to prepare an extract of dog pancreas that would reverse the effect of removing the pancreas—that is, would lower the urinary or blood glucose levels. We now know that insulin is a protein, and that the pancreas is very rich in proteases (trypsin and chymotrypsin), normally released directly into the small intestine to aid in digestion. These proteases doubtless degraded the insulin in the pancreatic extracts in Minkowski s experiments. 

BANTING, SIR FREDERICK (1891-1941). A nalive ol Onlario, Canada, Banting did his most important work in enducrinulogy. His brilliant research culminated in the preparation of the antidiabetic hormone that he called insulin, derived from the isles of Langerhans in the pancreas. He received the Nobel prize in medicine for this wurk together with John MacLeod of the University of Toronto. In 1930, the Banting Institute was founded in Toronto. lie was killed in an airplane crash. 

In view of the high stability of the enzyme most samples have been prepared by the procedure described by Kunitz (16) and modified by McDonald (17) to remove all traces of proteolytic activity. During this procedure the minced bovine pancreas is exposed to 0.25 N sulfuric acid, ammonium sulfate precipitation, 10 min at 95°-100° and pH 3, and, finally, reprecipitation. The product can be crystallized it was also shown later to contain a number of components all with ribonuclease activity. A practical summary of all details is given by Kunitz and McDonald (18). 

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