Palm production data

There is little toxicological data available for extracts of carrots, alfalfa, com oil, palm oil, tomatoes, etc. The JECFA had no objections to their use as food colorants provided that the levels of use did not exceed that normally present in vegetables. A number of toxicity experiments were conducted on Dimaliella algae in view of its increasing importance in the health food area. Twelve studies on D. salina indicated no problems. ( is beta-carotene was absorbed to a lesser extent than trans beta-carotene. Furahashi suggested a no-observed-effect level (NOEL) of 2.5 g kg/day for extracts from D. Hardawil 2 The Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives of the World Health Organization/United Nations (JECFA) did not establish an NOEL or an ADI because of the variation in the composition of the products. 

Cost data on production of CPO is not available for most countries, but studies conducted on Malaysia and Indonesia indicated that the cost of production is lower than the market price of palm oil. However, cost of production in some countries is higher than the international market prices of palm oil (2), and for these countries exporting palm oil would not be viable. 

In terrestrial ecosystems, there is extensive data suggesting that some agrochemicals are more toxic to birds than to mammals. In addition, terrestrial worms may accumulate xenobiotics or their metabolites and thereby transfer these compounds to birds. For example, the concentration in earthworms has been demonstrated both of chlorophenols (van Gestel and Ma 1988) and of their microbial transformation products pentachloroanisole and 2,3,4,6-tetra-chloroanisole (Palm et al. 1991). The consumption of these compounds by predators such as birds is an obvious possibility for their further dissemination. 

It is now convincing that palm oil products are attractive renewable resources for the production of PHA. In order to ensure sufficient supply of this raw material for large-scale production of PHA, we should first take into account the amount of palm oil products generated in Malaysia every year. The data should include the net balance of global trade (import and export) and existing demand of end users. It was estimated that to produce 5,000 tons of PHA annually, approximately 7,000 tons of soybean oil were required with more than 150 batches of fermentation run (Akiyama et al. 2003). At the moment, this set of simulation is by far the closest and most relevant to the PHA fermentation from palm oil. Over the past decade, the average yield of palm oil on plantations has been measured at 3.8 tons per ha (Murphy 2007). Therefore, in order to produce 1 million tons of PHA, 450,000 ha of oil palm plantation is required. Hence, more lands have to be reclaimed to pave the way for new oil pahn plantation in order to produce more oil. Nevertheless, it has been suggested that the yield of oil could be doubled by... 

Fig. 1. Trends in production of major fats and oils—world basis. (Data from Table I.) Animal fats (butter, lard, tallow, and greases) palm oils (coconut, palm kernel, palm, babassu) industrial oils (linseed, castor, oiticica, tung, olive residue).

Table 1.2 presents the world trends in production and consumption of the 17 major oils and fats as tabulated and forecast by Oil World Annual (1992). During these 4 years, stocks declined from a 59-day supply based upon world consumption (1987-1988) to 47 days in 1990-1991 and is expected to be 44.6 days at the end of the current marketing year. The major producers of soybean, palm, rapeseed, sunflower, cottonseed and peanut oils in 1991-1992 with 1989-1990 data in parentheses are shown in Table 1.3. 

Data on the production of oilseeds and other crops are summarized in Table 14.0. The world production of vegetable fats has multiplied since the time before the Second World War (Table 14.1). There has been a significant rise in production since 1964 of soybean, palm and sunflower oils, as well as rapeseed oil. Soybean oil, butter and edible beef fat and lard are most commonly produced in FR Germany (Table 14.1). The per capita consumption of plant oils in Germany has increased in the past years (Table 14.2). 

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