Palladium vapor, generation

Platinum vapor, (generated by electron beam evaporation of the molten metal at ca. 2x10 torr), or palladium vapor (by evaporation from a resistively heated hearth at ca.l0 torr)) was allowed to dissolve in a solution of poly(isobutyl-aluminoxane), [ C4H9A10]n ... 

Thermal treatment—Processes in which vapor-phase contaminants are destroyed via high-temperature oxidation the primary categories of thermal treatment used to treat MTBE and other oxygenates include thermal oxidation, which employs a flame to generate the high temperatures needed to oxidize contaminants, and catalytic oxidation, which employs lower temperatures in the presence of a catalyst (typically platinum, palladium, or other metal oxides) to destroy contaminants. 

Platinum and palladium were among the first metals that were investigated in the molecular surface chemistry approach employing free mass-selected metal clusters [159]. The clusters were generated with a laser vaporization source and reacted in a pulsed fast flow reactor [18] or were prepared by a cold cathode discharge and reacted in the flowing afterglow reactor [404] under low-pressure multicollision reaction conditions. These early measurements include the detection of reaction products and the determination of reaction rates for CO adsorption and oxidation reactions. Later, anion photoelectron spectroscopic data of cluster carbonyls became available [405, 406] and vibrational spectroscopy of metal carbonyls in matrices was extensively performed [407]. Finally, only recently, the full catalytic cycles for the CO oxidation reaction with N2O and O2 on free clusters of Pt and Pd were discovered and analyzed [7,408]. 

Valuable products are produced from the oxidation of both ethylene and propylene (Figs. 1 and 2). Ethylene is epoxidized with oxygen in the vapor phase over a silver catalyst, and propylene is epoxidized with an alkyl hydroperoxide in the liquid phase using a molybdeniim catalyst system. Vinylic oxidation products or their stable isomers, including acetaldehyde, acetone, and vinyl acetate, have been manufactured by a series of related catalytic reactions. These reactions occur either in solutions of palladium complexes or on the surfaces of supported palladium catalysts. Bismuth molybdate is an effective catalyst for allylic oxidations of propylene, which are of paramount importance to the chemical industry. Propylene is oxidized in the vapor phase to give acrolein for acrylic acid manufacture or, in the presence of ammonia, to give acrylonitrile. Second- and third-generation catalysts,... 

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