Palladium hybrids

Kim SS, Jeon JH, Kee CD et al (2013) Electro-active hybrid actuators based on freeze-dried bacterial cellulose and PEDOT PSS. Smart Mater Stmct 22(8) 085026 Kim FD, Randriamahazaka H, Oh IK (2014a) Highly conductive, capacitive, flexible and soft electrodes based on 3D graphene-nanotube-palladium hybrid and conducting polymer. Small... 

Electronic Applications. The PGMs have a number of important and diverse appHcations in the electronics industry (30). The most widely used are palladium and mthenium. Palladium or palladium—silver thick-film pastes are used in multilayer ceramic capacitors and conductor inks for hybrid integrated circuits (qv). In multilayer ceramic capacitors, the termination electrodes are silver or a silver-rich Pd—Ag alloy. The internal electrodes use a palladium-rich Pd—Ag alloy. Palladium salts are increasingly used to plate edge connectors and lead frames of semiconductors (qv), as a cost-effective alternative to gold. In 1994, 45% of total mthenium demand was for use in mthenium oxide resistor pastes (see Electrical connectors). 

Room temperature deposition of silver on Pd(lOO) produces a rather sharp Ag/Pd interface [62]. The interaction with a palladium surface induces a shift of Ag 3d core levels to lower binding energies (up to 0.7 eV) while the Pd 3d level BE, is virtually unchanged. In the same time silver deposition alters the palladium valence band already at small silver coverage. Annealing of the Ag/Pd system at 520 K induces inter-diffusion of Ag and Pd atoms at all silver coverage. In the case when silver multilayer was deposited on the palladium surface, the layered silver transforms into a clustered structure slightly enriched with Pd atoms. A hybridization of the localized Pd 4d level and the silver sp-band produces virtual bound state at 2eV below the Fermi level. 

They demonstrated that electron-deficient R groups and electron-rich R substituents at S accelerated the reductive elimination. They proposed 123 (Lj = DPPE, R = Ph, R = Ar) as a transition state, where R acts as an electrophile and thiolate as a nucleophile. The Hammet plot for the reductive elimination showed that the resonance effect of the substituent in R determines the inductive effect of the R group, and the effect in SR showed an acceptable linear relationship with the standard o-values. The relative rate for sulfide elimination as a function of the hybrid valence configuration of the carbon center bonded to palladium followed the trend sp > sp spl... 

Recently, particular ligands have been reported to enable the amination of allyl alcohols without the aid of activators (Scheme 10).13c,13d Ozawa s group found that (7r-allyl)palladium complex 58 bearing. s/>2,2a,2b-hybridized... 

The formation of an s/Z-hybridized C—P bond is readily achievable using the Michaelis-Arbuzov reaction. Such an approach is not applicable to form heteroaryl C—P bonds in which the carbon atoms are sp2 hybridized, whereas palladium catalysis does provide a useful method for Csp2—P bond formation. The first report on Pd-catalyzed C—P bond formation was revealed by Hirao et al. [134-136]. Xu s group further expanded the scope of these reactions [137, 138], They coupled 2-bromothiophene with n-butyl benzenephosphite to form n-butyl arylphosphinate 161 [137]. In addition, the coupling of 2-bromothiophene and an alkylarylphosphinate was also successful [138], For the mechanism, see page 19-21. 

Siloxane compounds, in vitreous silica manufacture, 22 414 Siloxane materials, 20 240 Siloxane oligomers, in silicone polymerization, 22 555-556 Siloxanols, silylation and, 22 703 Silsesquioxane hybrids, 13 549 Silsesquioxanes, 15 188, 22 589-590 SilvaGas process, 3 696, 697 Silver (Ag), 22 636-667. See also Silver compounds. See Ag entries Argentothiosulfate complexes Batch desilverizing Lead-silver alloys Palladium-silver alloy membranes analytical methods for, 22 650-651 applications of, 22 636-637, 657-662 as bactericide, 22 656, 657, 660 barium alloys with, 3 344 in bimetallic monetary system, 22 647-648 in cast dental gold alloys, 8 307t coke formation on, 5 266 colloidal precipitation color, 7 343t colloidal suspensions, 7 275 color, 7 334, 335... 

G.C. Abel, L.K. Matson, R.H. Steinmeyer, R.C. Bowman, Jr., B.M.Oliver, Helium Release from Aged Palladium Tritide, Physical Review B, Vol. 41, No. 2 (1990-1) 1220 - 1223 2LG SolarDOM Hybrid Microwave - Microwave and Conventional Cooking http //www.kitchencontraptions.com/archives/014740.php... 

Zhao, H., et al., Fabrication of a palladium nanoparticle/graphene nanosheet hybrid via sacrifice of a copper template and its application in catalytic oxidation of formic acid. 

Li et al. reported first on the decoration of hydrothermal carbon spheres obtained from glucose with noble metal nanoparticles [19]. They used the reactivity of as-prepared carbon microspheres to load silver and palladium nanoparticles onto then-surfaces, both via surface binding and room-temperature surface reduction. Furthermore, it was also demonstrated that these carbon spheres can encapsulate nanoparticles in their cores with retention of the surface functional groups. Nanoparticles of gold and silver could be encapsulated deep in the carbon by in situ hydrothermal reduction of noble-metal ions with glucose (the Tollens reaction), or by using silver nanoparticles as nuclei for subsequent formation of carbon spheres. Some TEM images of such hybrid materials are shown in Fig. 7.4. 

The Heck reaction is a synthetically powerful reaction wherein a carbon-carbon bond is formed between two sp hybridized carbon atoms. The syn nature of the addition of vinyl-aryl palladium species to carbon-carbon double bond precludes a syn p-hydride elimination for cyclic olefins. As a result, a new chiral center is formed. Shibasaki and Vogl provided a comprehensive review of this subject in 1999 440 Overman and Donde reviewed the intramolecular version of this reaction in 2000. Pfaltz and co-authors specifically reviewed this reaction using PhosOx ligands. ... 

The key to the success of C-H activation is the fixing of the palladium(II) centre in the proximity of a carbon-hydrogen bond (usually sp2 hybridized). This might take place through covalent bonding (intramolecular process) or with the help of non-covalent interactions. An example of each process is presented below. 

Finally it should be noted that formation of the perfluorobicyclo[3.3.0]-octa-2,7-diene-4,6-diyl ligand allows pyramidalization of four fluorinated carbons and may reflect a thermodynamic preference for sp2-hybridized carbon atoms in coordinated OFCOT to undergo rehybridization to sp3, provided that the ancillary ligands present on the metal can support an increase in the formal oxidation state and that the constraints of the 18-electron rule are obeyed. The origins of this thermodynamic effect for uncoordinated fluorinated alkenes have been discussed in detail (2). Extensions to nickel, palladium, and platinum systems are described in Section IX. 

Since the late 1990s, new multicomponent reactions based on a palladium/ copper-catalyzed coupling-isomerization sequence of 1-aryl prop-2-yn-l-ols and electron-deficient sp2-hybridized halogen compounds leading to the correspond-... 

---