Palade

Palade, G. (1975). Intracellular aspects of the process of protein synthesis. Science 189, 347-358. 

Predescu, S.A., Predescu, D.N., and Palade, G.E. (2001) Endothelial transcytodc machinery involves supramolecular protein-lipid complexes. Mol. Biol. Cell 12, 1019-1033. 

Farquhar, M. G. and Palade, G. E. The Golgi apparatus 100 years of progress and controversy. Trends Cell Biol. 8 2-10,1998. 

On the neutrophil, the major selectin expressed is L-selectin. This molecule is constitutively expressed on mature neutrophils but may be expressed at low levels (50% of adult) in neonates. Stimulation of endothelial cells with thrombin, histamine, IL-1 and some other agents induces neutrophils (and other leukocytes) to leave the circulation and adhere to the endothelium. They do this by rolling onto the surface of the endothelium, to which they attach via P-selectin translocated from storage sites in Weibel-Palade bodies to the surface of the endothelium upon activation. The expression of P-selectin is short-lived and is replaced on the endothelial surface by E-selectin (whose expression is also regulated by some cytokines), which continues the endothelial-leukocyte interaction. 

Preparation of biological material for electron microscopy still required fixation, dehydration, and ultrathin sections. Araldite and other resins were used in place of paraffin wax for blocking. At first, specially sharpened steel knives were employed to cut the sections, but from 1950 glass or diamond knives were used which could cut slices 100-200 nm thick. By 1952, Palade and others were obtaining sections... 

Bankston PW, Porter GA, Milici AJ, Palade GE (1991) Differential and specific labeling of epithelial and vascular endothelial cells of the rat lung by Lycopersicon esculentum and Griffonia simplicifolia I lectins. Eur J Cell Biol 54(2) 187-195... 

Farquhar MG and Palade GE [1963] functional complexes in various epithelia. 1 Cell Biol 17 375 112... 

G. E. Palade. Fine structure of blood capillaries. J. Appl. Phys. 24 1424-1436 (1953). 

Secretory glycoproteins are known to move from the ER to the Golgi complex where their carbohydrate side chains are trimmed and further modified (see Palade, 1975 Tartakoff, 1980 Farquhar and Palade, 1981). In most secretory cells the proteins are then concentrated into condensing vacuoles which store the secretory proteins until they are discharged by exocytosis through a fusion reaction between the vacuolar membrane and the plasma membrane. In other secretory cells, like plasma cells, proteins are condnuously secreted and they appear to leave the Golgi complex within vesicles without being concentrated before exocytosis. 

The central feature of the Golgi complex is a stack of flattened cister-nae which has, in many secretory tissues, a clearly recognizable polarity with the cis side facing the nucleus (see Farquhar and Palade, 1981). 

The problem we have not yet touched upon is how components can specifically move from one cellular component to another. Both the entry and the exit of SFV spike proteins are dependent on a number of such cellular processes. The newly synthesized spike proteins move from the ER to the Golgi complex and then to the cell surface. The cell surface membrane is continuously retrieved by endocytosis into endosomes. From here the endocytosed membrane components probably recycle back to the cell surface, but some components may also be channeled into lysosomes for degradation. Especially in cells with secretory activity, the recycling pathway from the cell surface also includes the Golgi complex (see Farquhar and Palade, 1981). 

Palade GE. Fine structures of blood capillaries. J Appl Phys 1953 24 1424. 

A. Maddalena, M. Petris, P. Palade, S. Sartori, G. Principi, E. Settimo, B. Molinas, S. Lo Russo, Study of Mg-based materials to be used in a functional solid state hydrogen reservoir for vehicular applications, bit. J. Hyd. Ener. 31 (2006) 2097-2103. 

R. Gupta, F. Agresti, S. Lo Russo, A. Maddalena, R Palade, G. Principi, Structure and hydrogen storage properties of MgH catalysed with La O, J. Alloys Compd. 450 (2008) 310-313. 

E2. Ernster, L., Siekevitz, P., and Palade, G. E., Enzyme-structure relationships in the endoplasmic reticulum of rat liver. J. Cell Biol. 15, 541-562 (1962). 

Denker SP, McCaffery JM, Palade GE, Insel PA, Farquhar MG (1996) Differential distribution of alpha subunits and beta gamma subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins on Golgi membranes of the exocrine pancreas. J Cell Biol 133 1027-1040... 

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