Pain, William

Westmoreland SV, Rottman JB, Williams KC, Lackner AA, Sasseville VG (1998) Chemokine receptor expression on resident and inflammatory cells in the brain of macaques with simian immunodeficiency virus encephalitis. Am J Pathol 152 659-665 White FA, Jung H, Miller RJ (2007) Chemokines and the pathophysiology of neuropathic pain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104 20151-20158... 

Opioids bound to MOR on postsynaptic terminals promote the efflnx of potassinm (K ) via K+ channels. The net effect of active MOR receptor resnlts in hyperpolarization of the post-synapse causing inhibition of neuronal firing. Stndies have shown MOR effects at the pre- and post-synapse synergistically decreases the perception of pain (Glanm et al. 1994 Kohno et al. 1999 Williams et al. 2001 Yoshimnra and North 1983). 

Edwards MG, Jazzar RFR, Paine BM, Shermer DJ, Whittlesey MK, Williams JMJ, Edney DD (2004) Chem Commun 90-91... 

Data from American Pain Society. Prinaples of Analgesic Use in the Treatment of Acute Pain and Chronic Cancer Pain, 5th ed. Glenview, IL American Pain Society, 2003 and Ready BL. Regional analgesics with intraspinal opioids. In Loeser JD, Butler SH, Chapman CR, etal, eds. Bonica s Management of Pain. Philadelphia Lippincott Williams 8 Wilkins, 2000 1953-1966. 

The authors, William Russell and Rex Burch (a zoologist and a microbiologist, respectively) recommended the reduction of the number of animals used in experiments to the minimum number required to obtain statistically relevant data, the refinement of procedures to minimize pain and distress in experimental animals and provide for their well-being based on their behavioral needs, and the replacement of whole, living animals with in vitro models like tissue and cell cultures when possible. 

Ihle NT, Williams R, ChowS, ChewW, Berggren Ml, Paine-Murrieta G, Minion DJ, Halter RJ, Wipf P, Abraham R, Kirkpatrick L, Powis G (2004) Molecular Cancer Ther 3 763... 

It was during the 1700 s that Firework Masters from Europe came to England to meet the demand for ever more spectacular displays for members of the Royal Eamily. Many labourers were employed locally to erect the huge frames and platforms from which to display the fireworks, and amongst the locals were members of the Pain (and Brock) families. In this way William Pain acquired enough knowledge from the Masters to present his own displays in London s Parks and Gardens in the late 1700 s. 

By the early nineteenth century William Pain had passed his skills on to his son James and to a nephew called Joseph Wells, but in 1837 Joseph left to establish Wells Eireworks, a company that also survived into the twentieth Century. 

Historians credit the first public demonstration of true surgical anesthesia to William Morton, an American dentist (Fenster 2001). In 1844, Horace Wells, who was a dentist in Hartford, Connecticut, attended a public lecmre demonstration of the effects of laughing gas. One member of the audience had volunteered to inhale the nitrous oxide and then accidentally gashed his leg but felt no pain. Wells asked William Morton to... 

Portenoy, Russell K., and Richard Payne. 1997. "Acute and Chronic Pain." In Substance Abuse A Comprehensh Textbook, edited by Joyce H. Lowinson, Pedro Ruiz, Robert B. Millman, and John G- Langrod. Baltimore, Md. Williams and Wilkins. 

Submitted by GLEN B. DEACON, GEOFF N. PAIN, and TRAN D. TUONG Checked by WILLIAM J. EVANS/ KEITH R. LEVAN/ and RAUL DOMINGUEZ ... 

I went to see Flubber. I had to. How could I not go and see a movie about a chemistry professor I was worried, however, that it might be a painful experience, since moviemakers seem bent on portraying chemists as absentminded, bumbling nincompoops. My fears were well founded, but this professor, played by Robin Williams, wasn t absentminded — he was... 

William Halstead was a founder of Johns Hopkins University, and the inventor of the radical mastectomy (removal of the breast). Halstead was also the first American surgeon to investigate cocaine as a local anaesthetic, a painkiller applied directly to the wound or other source of pain. Unfortunately, Halstead took his work home with him. 

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