Packaging multiple-unit

Strip packages represent an alternative form of packaging for unit-dose medication. Strips can be produced from single- or multiple-ply laminated materials provided the two inner plies can be sealed by heat or pressure (e.g., cold self-adhesive seals). Materials can range from relatively permeable plies to those that incorporate a foil ply of sufficient thickness and effectiveness of seal so that an individual hermetic seal is produced for each dosage. Strip packages are produced at lower speeds and occupy greater volume than blisters. 

Several types of multiple-unit containers have been developed by the pharmaceutical industry. In general, multiple-imit containers are preferred over their singleunit coimterparts on the basis of economic effectiveness, but only drugs that can be sufficiently protected in this type of packaging can be viable candidates for multiple-unit packaging. The selection of mrJtiple-unit containers primarily depends on the dosage form. 

Additional multiple-unit containers are in widespread use such as collapsible tubes, metered-dose inhalers, and aerosol containers. The f/j / /AF provides standards for aerosols and containers used for aerosols in Aerosols, Metered-Dose Inhalers, and Dry Powder Inhalers (601) and Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms (1151). Commonly used for ointments and pastes, the collapsible tube container is often constructed of plastic, metal, or some lamination of plastic and metallic layers. Although such preparations can be packaged in jars or bottles, collapsible tubes can offer better protection from contamination and from environmental hazards. The metered-dose inhaler and aerosol container are other specific multiple-unit dosage form examples that are commonly fabricated from metal and are closely tied to the process of medication administration. " ... 

Multiple-unit powders for local application are preferably packaged in a dredger or a pressurized container (for skin, teeth, or vaginal douche use). These preparations consist of a dispersion of a solid phase (drug) in a liquid propellant (liquid phase). By action on the actuator, the suspension is released by gas pressure. The propellant in contact with ambient air is evaporated and the powder remains on the treated area. The particle size obtained depends on the powder particle size before the preparation of the suspension. 

For products packaged in containers intended for dispensing by a pharmacy to multiple patients, or intended for repackaging or packaging in unit-of-use containers, samples may be taken from previously opened containers. More than one container should be sampled during the stability study. The sampling protocol should be submitted in the drug application. 

Both technology packages consist of multiple unit operations that work in sequence or concurrently to carry out all aspects of chemical weapons destruction. Both processes are designed to treat agent, energetic materials, metal parts... 

Auctions may be for a single object or a package of nonidentical items. Alternatively, auctions may be for multiple units where many units of a homogeneous, standardized good are to be sold, such as gold bullion in the auctions conducted by the International Monetary Fund and the U.S. Treasury in the 1970s and the weekly auctioning of securities by the Treasury. 

Single-dose preparations intended for use in eye surgery do not contain excipient ingredients, in order to avoid tissue irritation. However, multiple-dose containers may require antioxidants (qv), antimicrobial preservatives, or buffers to maintain stabiHty and stefiHty. Such solutions are packaged in polyethylene flexible dropper units called droptainers or in glass dropper botdes. 

Many pieces of equipment are made up of unitized components from several different vendors. The traditional attitude has been to look to the packaging vendor as the source of supply. Many vendors refuse to handle requests for replacement parts on equipment not directly manufactured by them. More and more specialty companies are entering the equipment parts business some are supplying parts directly to OEM companies for resale as their own brand. Others supply parts directly to the end user. The end user must develop multiple sources of supply for as many parts as possible. 

To maximize the unit s profit, one must operate the unit simultaneously against as many constraints as possible. Examples of these constraints are limits on the air blower, the wet gas compresst>r. reactor/regenerator temperatures, slide valve differentials, etc. The conventional regulatory controllers work only one loop at a time and they do not talk to one another. A skilled operator can push the unit against more than one constraint at a time, but the constraints change often. To operate closer to multiple constraints, a number of refiners have installed an advanced process control (APC) package either within their DCS or in a host computer. 

In modem, packaged horizontal FT boilers, the furnace is the most important heat-transfer component, typically providing 50 to 60% of the total heat transfer from only 30% or so of the total available heating surfaces. This level of heat transfer, coupled with the additional heat extraction obtained by the various multiple-pass designs (four passes is a practical maximum) provide efficiencies of 80 to 83% GCV. As a result, there generally is little additional benefit to be obtained from the use of economizers or air heaters, especially when using oil-fired boilers, which can operate at up to a 3% or so higher efficiency level compared to gas-fired units. 

Tamper-resistant packaging Light-resistant container Well-closed container Tight container Hermetic container Single-unit container Single-dose container Unit-dose container Unit-of-use container Multiple-use container... 

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