P Microstructure

Rajan, K. and Sajgalik, P. Microstructurally induced internal stresses in P-Si3N4 whiskers-reinforced Si3N4 ceramics , J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 17 (1997) 1093-1097. 

Verbrugge M, Liu P. Microstructural analysis and mathematical modeling of electric double-layer supercapacitors. Journal of the Electrochemical Society 2005 152(5) D79-D87. 

Vaia, R.A. Jandt, K.D. Kramer, E.J. Giannelis, E.P. Microstructural evolution of melt intercalated polymer-organically modified layered silicates nanocomposites. Chem. Mater. 1996, 8, 2628-2635. 

Aguilera, J.M. and Lillford, P. Microstructural and image analysis as related to food engineering, Food Engineering 2000, P. Fito, E. Ortega, and G. Barbosa-Canovas, eds.. Chapman Hall, London, pp. 23,1996. 

The Zr-Nb phase diagram (Fig. 3.1-91) indicates that a + p microstructures can be obtained at the 2-3 wt% Nb level. This leads to both substitutional solid solution strengthening and dual phase strengthening effects. Oxygen has a high interstitial solubility in a-Zr. Fig. 3.1-92 shows the Zr-O phase diagram. It is inter-... 

Copper-zinc alloys (brasses) with more than 15 % zinc are susceptible to a type of dealloying CtiUed dezincification. Some aluminum bronze (Cu-Al) alloys, especially those containing more than 8 % aluminum, are also susceptible to dealloying. The dealloying in Cu-Al alloys can be prevented by adding more than 3.5 % nickel or by heat treating to obtain an a + P microstructure [79],... 

Vaia, R.A. Jandt, K.D. Kramer, E.J. Giannelis, E.P. Microstructural evolution of melt intercalated polymer-organically modified layered silicates nanocomposites. Chem. Mater. 1996, 8, 2628-2635. Vaia, R.A. Price, G. Ruth, P.N. Nguyen, H.T. Lichtenhan, J. PolymCT/layCTed silicate nanocomposites as high performance ablative materials. AppZ. Clay Sci. 1999, 15, 67-92. 

Annealed Condition. Although Ti-6A1-4V is commonly used in the mill-annealed condition, other annealing treatments are also utilized. For example, annealing just above the beta transus, or annealing high in the a -h P phase field, creates a Widmanstatten or lamellar a -t- P microstructure... 

Phases and Structures. The microstructural response of 62S to heat treatment is quite similar to that of Ti-6A1-4V The transformed P microstructure is typically a colony structure after air cooling, but can be Widmanstatten for more rapid coohng. 

Primary and secondary alpha generally are unaffected by aging, unless their alumintxm concentration exceeds the solubility limit. In the latter case, tt2-pre-dpitates may develop upon aging. The martensites readily decompose at aging temperatures into more stable a or a + p microstructures. Metastable beta alloys also form an unstable TVpe-1 a predpitate that decomposes into a Type-2 a during aging. 

Only two zirconium materials are standardised Zr 702 which is essentially technically-pure Zr and consists of the a phase only, and Zr 705 which contains 2 to 3 wt% Nb, has ana + p microstructure and a higher yield stress. Their composition ranges and mechanical properties are listed in Tables 3.1-35 and 3.1-36. Since Hf is usually contained in the Zr ore zircon (ZrSiOa) and is difficult to separate, the Zr materials are specified to contain Hf up to 4.5 wt%. The presence of Hf in Zr alloys up to this level of composition does not affect the mechanical and corrosion properties significantly. 

Tucker CL, Moldenaers P. Microstructural evolution in polymer blends. Annu Rev Fluid Mech 2002 34 177-210. 

Kokko, P. Microstructure and Suitability of Sn-Ag-Cu Solder to Reflow Soldering in Normal Conditions. Internal Report. Helsinki University of Technology, 1997. in Finnish. 

Lou] Loucif, K., Vigier, G., Merle, P., Microstructural Stability of Rapidly Quenched Al-Fe-Mo Alloys , Mater. Sci. Eng. A, A190(l-2), 187-192 (1995) (Crys. Structure, Experimental, 11)... 

ELECTROMAGNETIC MONITORING OF MICROSTRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES FOR COLD-ROLLED 12Kh2MFSR STEEL TUBE by V.A.Burganova, L.V. Kochman, V.A. Kuz mina and L.P. Chukanova, Vol.10, No. 4, 1974, pp. 432 -437... 

Fig. 7 The longitudinal microstructure( x 100) of coarse-grained TC4(Ti-6Al-4V)P extrusion pipe of artificial reference test pipe...

Zaugg F G, Spencer N D, Wagner P, Kernen P, Vinckier A, Groscurth P and Semenza G 1999 Microstructured... 

Equations (7.1) and (7.10)-(7.14) provide six equations in the six unknowns (Tn, t, T, p, Ui, and y, and hence can be solved to give the complete material response to one-dimensional shock-loading conditions, provided that y is a function only of 7, p, r, and T If 7 depends on additional microstructural variables, an additional first-order evolutionary equation must be specified for each new variable. 

Carbon steels as received "off the shelf" have been worked at high temperature (usually by rolling) and have then been cooled slowly to room temperature ("normalised"). The room-temperature microstructure should then be close to equilibrium and can be inferred from the Fe-C phase diagram (Fig. 11.1) which we have already come across in the Phase Diagrams course (p. 342). Table 11.1 lists the phases in the Fe-FejC system and Table 11.2 gives details of the composite eutectoid and eutectic structures that occur during slow cooling. 

Volume 12 Metal Microstructures in Zeolites. Preparation - Properties -Applications. Proceedings of a Workshop, Bremen, September 22-24,1982 edited by P.A. Jacobs, N.l. Jaeger, P. Jitu and G. Schulz-Ekloff... 

Fig. 7. Microstructures of the three primary graphites used in this work (a) H-451, (b) IG-I I, and (c) AXF-5Q. [F]-filler particles, [P]-pores and [C] cracks.

Tanner, L.E, and Leamy, H.J. (1974) The microstructure of order-disorder transitions, in Order-Disorder Transformations in Alloys, ed. Warlimont, H. (Springer, Berlin) p. 180. 

Exner, H.E, and Hougardy, H.P. (1988) Quantitative Image Analysis of Microstructures (DGM Informationsgesellschaft Verlag, Oberursel). 

A. Halperin, M. Tirrell, T. P. Lodge. Tethered chains in polymer microstructures. Adv Polym Sci 100 21-11, 1992. 

The crystallization of glassy Pd-Ni-P and Pd-Cu-P alloys is complicated by the formation of metastable crystalline phaf s [26]. The final (stable) crystallization product consists of a mixture of a (Pd,Ni) or (Pd,Cu) fee solid solution and more than one kind of metal phosphide of low crystallographic symmetry. Donovan et al. [27] used transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray microanalysis to study the microstructure of slowly cooled crystalline Pd4oNi4oP2o- They identified the compositions of the metal phosphides to be Pd34Ni45P2j and Pdg8Ni[4Pjg. 

A. Zheludev, S.M. Shapiro, and P. Wochner, Phonon anomaly, central peak, and microstructures in Ni2MnGa, Phys. Rev B 51 17 (1995). 

Fig.2. Electron microstructure of the sample hot deformed by 25% a) matrix p phase, b) 7R martensite...

Y.Zheng, W.M.Stobbs, The tweed microstructure in B2 Ni-rich Ni-Al alloys, in Electron Microscopy and Analysis 95, ed. D.Chems, Inst Phys.Conf Ser. No 147, Inst.of Physics (1995), p.353... 

Pitting caused by the dissolution of non-metallic inclusions can increase the value. Consequently, the microstructures of specimens with a high value must be examined to identify the source of the elevated value. In general, P values below 0-10 are characteristic of unsensitised microstructures, while sensitisation is indicated if P, exceeds 0-4. Single loop tests are sensitive to mild degrees of sensitisation but do not readily distinguish between medium and severely sensitised materials. 

Microindentation hardness normally is measured by static penetration of the specimen with a standard indenter at a known force. After loading with a sharp indenter a residual surface impression is left on the flat test specimen. An adequate measure of the material hardness may be computed by dividing the peak contact load, P, by the projected area of impression1. The hardness, so defined, may be considered as an indicator of the irreversible deformation processes which characterize the material. The strain boundaries for plastic deformation, below the indenter are sensibly dependent, as we shall show below, on microstructural factors (crystal size and perfection, degree of crystallinity, etc). Indentation during a hardness test deforms only a small volumen element of the specimen (V 1011 nm3) (non destructive test). The rest acts as a constraint. Thus the contact stress between the indenter and the specimen is much greater than the compressive yield stress of the specimen (a factor of 3 higher). 

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