Ozone, Chapter

Jekel M R (1982) Biological Drinking Water Treatment System Involving Ozone, Chapter 10 151-175 in Handbook of Ozone Technology and Applications Vol. II, Ozone for Drinking Water Treatment Rice R G and Netzer A (Editors), Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor MI. 

Ozonation chapter and UV Disinfection chapter introduce the disinfection/oxidation processes which use ozone and UV, respectively (1,2). 

Pressurized Ozonation chapter introduces a modem process involving the use of ozone and oxygen in a pressurized reactor for sludge disinfection, oxidation and stabilization (3). 

One air pollution problem of a global nature is the release of chlorofluoro-carbons used as propellants in spray cans and in air conditioners and their effect on the ozone layer high in the atmosphere. (See Chapter 11.)... 

MURRAY, R. w.. Chapter entitled Prevention of Degradation by Ozone in Polymer Stabilization (Ed. HAWKINS, w. L.), Wiley, New York (1972)... 

Ozone is a vital but minor component of the upper atmosphere (see Chapter 11). 

Suppose that the photosynthesis reaction (20b) in Chapter 24 (p. 430) could be based upon light of wavelength 2400 A (this light is absorbed heavily by ozone). How many moles of these photons would provide the 673 kcal of energy needed to produce one mole of glucose (Remember, E = hv, and h = 9.5 X 10 14 kcal sec/mole). Compare your answer with that of Exercise 24-10. 

In the schemes considered to this point, even the complex ones, the products form by a limited succession of steps. In these ordinary reaction sequences the overall process is completed when the products appear from the given quantity of reactants in accord with the stoichiometry of the net reaction. The only exception encountered to this point has been the ozone decomposition reaction presented in Chapter 5, which is a chain reaction. In this chapter we shall consider the special characteristics of elementary reactions that occur in a chain sequence. 

Although in this chapter we have focused on the potential effects of increased UV-B radiation on the Antarctic marine ecosystem, our results also have bearing on efforts to describe the effects of UV radiation on global marine productivity. However, here again, considerable uncertainties still remain in assessing the effects of ozone depletion on global production. Several authors have predicted a... 

We begin our exploration of delocalized bonds with ozone, O3. As described in Chapter 7, ozone in the upper stratosphere protects plants and animals from hazardous ultraviolet radiation. Ozone has 18 valence electrons and a Lewis stmcture that appears in Figure 10-36a. Experimental measurements show that ozone is a bent molecule with a bond angle of 118°. 

The story of the ozone hole illustrates how important it is to learn the molecular details of chemical reactions. Some chemists use information about how reactions occur to design and synthesize useful new compounds. Others explore how to modify reaction conditions to minimize the cost of producing industrial chemicals. This chapter explores how chemical reactions occur at the molecular level. We show how to describe a reaction from the molecular perspective, introduce the basic principles that govern these processes, and describe some experimental methods used to study chemical reactions. 

As mentioned in the introduction to this chapter, CFCs aiso have potentiaiiy devastating effects on the ozone iayer. In Section 15-1, we describe how CFCs destroy stratospheric ozone. 

Until recently, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) for refrigeration were major end products of HF chemistry, but these compounds are being phased out in accord with the Montreal Protocols because of their effect on the ozone layer (see Chapter 15). 

Oxygen and especially ozone are strong oxidants. They form very dangerous redox reactions with all the reducing agents mentioned in the previous chapters. 

Because process mixtures are complex, specialized detectors may substitute for separation efficiency. One specialized detector is the array amperometric detector, which allows selective detection of electrochemically active compounds.23 Electrochemical array detectors are discussed in greater detail in Chapter 5. Many pharmaceutical compounds are chiral, so a detector capable of determining optical purity would be extremely useful in monitoring synthetic reactions. A double-beam circular dichroism detector using a laser as the source was used for the selective detection of chiral cobalt compounds.24 The double-beam, single-source construction reduces the limitations of flicker noise. Chemiluminescence of an ozonized mixture was used as the principle for a sulfur-selective detector used to analyze pesticides, proteins, and blood thiols from rat plasma.25 Chemiluminescence using bis (2,4, 6-trichlorophenyl) oxalate was used for the selective detection of catalytically reduced nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from diesel exhaust.26... 

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