OXYGEN Spring water

Most hot spring waters have deuterium contents similar to those of local precipitation, but are usually emiched in as a result of isotopic exchange with the country rock at elevated temperatures. The magnitude of the oxygen isotope shift depends on the O-isotope composition of both water and rock, the mineralogy of the rock, temperature, water/rock ratio, and the time of interaction. 

Fig. 9.2 Stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopic composition of the Hamei Zohar and Hamei Yesha mineral springs, Dead Sea shores. The linear correlation indicates that the springs water is formed by intermixing of Dead Sea brine with local fresh water. (From Gat et al., 1969.)...

A 10-g (dry weight) mouse is accidentally bottled in a 25-liter jug of spring water that initially contains 10 mg/liter of oxygen. Assume that 70% of the mouse s dry weight is CH20. 

In temperate lakes phytoplanktonic blooms occur in response to the seasonal availability of nutrients, which is controlled by stratification of the water column (see Section 3.2.2b). The situation is, therefore, similar to seasonal thermocline development and decline in temperate oceans. During summer stratification nutrients in the epilimnion become depleted. During the spring and autumn overturns, nutrient-rich (and oxygen-deficient) waters of the hypolimnion mix with the epilimnion and fuel phytoplanktonic blooms, primarily in the spring. 

Typical pre-boiler FW system arrangements provide for boiler FW (which is a combination of CR and MU water) to be pumped from either the surge tank or the FW tank and delivered to the DA, where it is sprayed through a spring-loaded nozzle into a steam atmosphere. The FW is heated to within a few degrees of the steam saturation temperature and more than 95% of the FW oxygen is released into the steam. 

Fig. 9 Temperature, dissolved oxygen saturation, turbidity, and conductivity profiles in the Susqueda water in Spring 2008. The path of the Sau Reservoir water inside Susqueda is shown by the thick arrows. The thin gray lines indicate the depth of the available spillways...

Leethem, J.T., URS Corporation, In situ chemical oxidation of MTBE and BTEX in soil and ground-water A case study, Contaminated Soil, Sediment and Water, Special Oxygenated Fuels Issue, Spring, 2001. 

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