Oceans temperate

An increase in seawater alkalinity (for example, by the dissolution of CaCOa) would decrease pC02 in seawater and decrease the Revelle factor (10), Thus CaCOa dissolution would provide a a strong negative feedback in response to an increased level of CO2 in the atmosphere and ocean. However, the surface water of temperate and tropical oceans is supersaturated with respect to CaCOa by several fold. It is not likely that the dissolution of CaCOa would provide a negative feedback to the air-sea CO2 transfer process in the near future. 

For temperate regions, the history of the surface temperature of the oceans is stored in the glaciers of those regions, but glaciers have random advances and retreats which spoil the orderly sequence of the historic yearly ice layers. 

However, the history of the surface temperatures of the temperate oceans should be stored in the rings of trees which grew in the temperate regions of the world and which subsisted on precipitation which distilled from those oceans. Each tree ring should contain some kind of average annual value of the isotope ratios in the precipitation of the year corresponding to the ring. 

Pseudochlorodesmis P. furcellata Geographic distribution in tropical to warm temperate waters Atlantic Is., Europe, Atlantic Is., Africa, Indian Ocean Is., South-west Asia, Asia, South-east Asia, Australia and New Zealand, and Pacific Is. 

Challenger F, Simpson M (1948) Studies on biological methylation. Part 12. A precursor of the dimethyl sulphide evolved by Polysiphonia fastigiata. Dimethyl-2-carboxyethylsulphonium hydroxide and its salts. J Chem Soc 3 1591-1597 Charlson RJ, Lovelock JE, Andreae MO, Warren SG (1987) Oceanic phytoplankton, atmospheric sulphur, cloud albedo and climate. Nature 326 655-661 Coley PD, Aide T (1991) Comparison of herbivory and plant defenses in temperate and tropical broad-leaved forests. In Price P, Lewinsohn T, Fernandes G, Benson W (eds) Plant-animal interactions evolutionary ecology in tropical and temperate regions. Wileys, New York, pp 25 19... 

The northern conifer forest (taiga) extends at high latitudes, above the temperate deciduous and rain forest and grasslaixl (Fig. 6.1). It is dominated by spruces, Picea spp., and firs, Abies spp. It is an immense continuum, only interrupted by the Atlantic Ocean, fi om Alaska to above the Kamchatka Peninsula, comprising also islands, like Iceland. 

Although adequate information is available from rivers of the temperate regions, they are very scarce for those of tropical rivers. Data reviewed by Milliman and Meade (1983) show that about 70 % of the total sediment discharge to the oceans occur via the Southeast Asian rivers (Fig. lt). Inclusion of sediment data and the organic matter associated with these sediments might change drastically the net POC transport from land to sea. 

Diarrheic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP). Human poisonings were first identified in the 1960s. It causes sickness in humans lasting several days but is not fatal. It is caused by chemicals of the okadaic acid family (okadaic acid+ 4 related compounds) produced by several species of Dinophysis dinoflagellates. The main contamination problems include mussels, clams, and other bivalves of the cold and warm temperate areas of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, mainly in Japan and Europe. Only two cases of DSP have been documented in North America. 

Raymond, P. A., and J. E. Bauer. 2000. Bacterial utilization and transport of DOC in a temperate estuary Implications for export to the coastal ocean. Aquatic Microbial Ecology 22 1—12. 

Figure 6.1. Ecosystem area and soil carbon content to 3-m depth. Lower Panel Global areal extent of major ecosystems, transformed by land use in yellow, untransformed in purple. Data from Hassan et al. (2005) except for Mediterranean-climate ecosystems transformation impact is from Myers et al. (2000) and ocean surface area is from Hassan et al. (2005). Upper Panel Total C stores in plant biomass, soil, yedoma/permafrost. D, deserts G S(tr), tropical grasslands and savannas G(te), temperate grasslands ME, Mediterranean ecosystems F(tr), tropical forests F(te), temperate forests F(b), boreal forests T, tundra FW, freshwater lakes and wetlands C, croplands O, oceans. Data are from Sabine et al. (2004), except C content of yedoma permafrost and permafrost (hght blue columns, left and right, respectively Zimov et al., 2006), and ocean organic C content (dissolved plus particulate organic Denman et al., 2007). This figure considers soil C to 3-m depth (Jobbagy and Jackson, 2000). Approximate carbon content of the atmosphere is indicated by the dotted lines for last glacial maximum (LGM), pre-industrial (P-IND) and current (about 2000). Reprinted from Fischlin et al. (2007) in IPCC (2007). See color insert.

Suzuki A. (1992). Results of the collection of fishes, and tropical to temperate migrant fishes coming to the Okhotsk Sea coast during 1989 to 1991 in Northern Hokkaido, Japan. Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium on Okhotsk Sea and Sea Ice, February 2-5,1992, Mombetsu, Hokkaido, Japan. Okhotsk Sea Cold Ocean Research Association Publ., Sapporo, Japan, pp. 225-231. 

Targett, N.M. and Arnold, T.M., Predicting the effects of brown algal phlorotannins on marine herbivores in tropical and temperate oceans, J. Phycol., 34, 195, 1998. 

Betzer P.R., Byrne R.H., Acker J.G., Lewis C.S., Jolley R.R. and Feely R.A. (1986) Biogenic input to the oceanic carbonate system Mass fluxes of pteropods and foraminifera in tropical, temperate, and sub-arctic regions of the western North Pacific, (manuscript). 

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