Oxygen pyrolized

As it follows from Table 5, many catalysts contain metallic platinum. We have developed bi-layer porous hydrophobic air electrodes, which do not contain platinum metals, are active and can be cycled [24, 25] (Figures 4-6). These bifunctional catalysts are pyrolized Co - macrocyclic compounds. Said catalyst has high catalytic activity for the oxygen reduction and also features acceptable stability, however its activity for the oxygen evolution is not high enough. 

Ammonium perchlorate (AP NH4CIO4) is a white, crystalline material, the crystal structure of which changes from orthorhombic to cubic at 513 K, which affects the decomposition process. AP is not hygroscopic in the atmosphere and the mass fraction of oxygen is 0.545. It is used as an oxidizer in various types of propellants and pyrolants. A rapid sublimation occurs between 670 K and 710 K at low pressures. Under slow heating, AP starts to decompose at about 470 K according to ... 

Ammonium nitrate (AN NH4NO3) is a white, crystalline material, the crystal structure of which varies with temperature.melting point is 442 K and its heat of fusion is 71.4 kj kg . Though the mass fraction of oxygen of AN is 0.5996, it is highly hygroscopic and absorbs moisture from the atmosphere to form liquid AN acid. This limits its application in propellants and pyrolants. However, AN is widely used as an oxidizer of explosives such as slurry explosives and ANFO (ammonium nitrate fuel oil) explosives. 

When a fuel-rich pyrolant burns in the atmosphere, oxygen molecules from the atmosphere diffuse into the initial combustion products of the pyrolant. The combustion products burn further and generate heat, light, and/or smoke in the atmosphere. A typical example is the combustion process in ducted rockets fuel-rich products generated in a gas generator are burnt completely in a combustion chamber after mixing with air pressurized by a shock wave that is taken in from the atmosphere. 

When AN powder is mixed with a polymeric material, the oxygen gas produced by the decomposition of the AN powder reacts with the hydrocarbon fragments of the thermally decomposed polymeric material. The major combustion products are GO2 and H2O. Nitropolymers are not used as fuel components of AN pyrolants because of the reaction between the NO2 formed by their decomposition and the AN powder. This reaction occurs very slowly and damages the physical structure of the AN pyrolant. Instead, polymeric materials containing relatively high mass fractions... 

The gas from either type of gasifier contains H2, CO, and CO2. About 95 percent of the sulfur is present as H2S, and the balance as COS. Other minor components include NH3 and HCN. Carbon and ash are always present, and pyrolizers also produce oils, tars and water-soluble organics. Small quantities of oxygen, SO2, and nitrogen oxides also may be present. 

Previous analysis of Uinta Basin bitumens (6,10) have shown that the predominant nitrogen types are pyrollic, amide, and aromatic nitrogen. Predominant sulfur types are sulfide, sulfoxide, and thiophenic sulfur predominant oxygen types are ketones, phenols, carboxylic acids, and possibly appreciable concentrations of furans. The aromatic (basic) nitrogen is expected to participate in irreversible adsorption on acidcracking catalysts (13) and it could require an increased cat-to-oil ratio. Previous analyses (10) have indicated also that Uinta Basin bitumen is high in naphthenic hydrocarbon and low in free paraffins. This is illustrated by the results given in Table II in which over 60% of the saturates... 

Coal Rank The type of coal strongly influences pyrolysis behavior. Low-rank coals, such as lignite, contain oxygen functional groups that evolve water and carbon oxides upon pyrolysis. Higher-rank bituminous coals contain less oxygen consequently, these coals produce significantly less water and carbon oxides when pyrolized. The nature of the tar produced is also dependent on coal rank. 

Pyrolytic reactions can appear to be much more complicated compared to other reactions. However, this is mainly due to subsequent reactions that occur after the initial elimination step. A common cause of this problem is related to the fact that the reactions do not actually take place in ideal gas phase. Some pyrolytic processes may take place in true condensed phase. Multiple reaction paths and the interaction of the resulting molecules are, therefore, inevitable. Also, additional issues may affect the practical results of a pyrolysis. Some are related to the fact that the true pyrolysis can be associated with reactions caused by the presence (intentional or not) of non-inert gases such as oxygen or hydrogen that may be present during the heating. Also, the pyrolyzed materials may be in contact with non-inert surfaces that can have catalytic effects. In order to diminish these effects in the pyrolysis done for analytical purposes, an inert gas frequently is present during the pyrol ic reaction. 

PHP is also of industrial interest [9]. Catalytic hydrogenation affords pinanol which is pyrolized to linalool. The latter is used in the fragrance industry and in the synthesis of vitamin E. Hence we were interested in utilizing the active oxygen in PHP to perform useful oxidations. 

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