Oxygen Pleistocene

Shackleton, N. J. (1967). Oxygen isotope analyses and Pleistocene temperatures re-assessed. Nature 215, 15-17. 

Shackleton NJ, Imbrie J, Hall MA (1983) Oxygen and carbon isotope record of East Pacific core V19-30 implications for the formation of deep water in the late Pleistocene Nodh Atlantic. Earth Planet Sci... 

Fig. 3.45 Carbon and oxygen isotope compositions of some recent and Pleistocene dolomite occurrences (after Tucker and Wright 1990)...

Ellis AS, Johnson TM, Bullen TD (2004) Using chromium stable isotope ratios to quantify Cr(Vl) reduction lack of sorption effects. Environ Sci Techn 38 3604-3607 Elsenheimer D, VaUey JW (1992) In situ oxygen isotope analysis of feldspar and quartz by Nd-YAG laser microprobe. Chem Geol 101 21 2 EmUiani C (1955) Pleistocene temperatures. J Geol 63 538-578... 

Liebscher A, Barnes J, Sharp Z (2006) Chlorine isotope vapor-liquid fractionation during experimental fluid-phase separation at 400°C/23 Mpa to 450°C/42Mpa, Chem Geol 234 340-345 Lister GS, Kelts K, Chen KZ, Yu JQ, Niessen P (1991) Lake Qinghai, China closed-basin lake levels and the oxygen isotope record for ostracoda since the latest Pleistocene. Palaeogeogr PalaeocUmatol Palaeoecol 84 141-162... 

Bindeman I. N., Valley J. W., Wooden J. L., and Persing H. M. (2001) Post-caldera volcanism in situ measurement of U-Pb age and oxygen isotope ratio in Pleistocene zircons from Yellowstone caldera. Earth Planet. Sci. I ett. 189, 197-206. 

Deak J. and Coplen T. B. (1996) Identification of Pleistocene and Holocene groundwaters in Hungary using oxygen and hydrogen isotopic ratios. In Isotopes in Water Resources Management, IAEA, Vienna, vol. 1, 438p. 

Fairbanks R. G. and Matthews R. K. (1978) The marine oxygen isotope record in Pleistocene coral, Barbados, West Indies. Quat. Res. 10, 181 — 196. 

Shemesh A., Burckle L. H., and Hays J. D. (1995) Late Pleistocene oxygen isotope records of biogenic silica from the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean. Paleoceanography 10(2), 179-196. 

Wei W. C. (1993) Calibration of upper pliocene-lower pleistocene nannofossil events with oxygen isotope stratigraphy. Paleoceanography 8, 85-99. 

Most relevant to speleothem investigations is the middle to late Pleistocene - the past half-million years. This is the time scale of U/Th dating. Paleoclimatic signals are often matched to variations in oxygen isotope ratios derived from measurements on deep sea cores. This record has been subdivided into isotope stages that in turn correlate with sea level stands and with temperatures. The version of the isotope stage record shown in figure 1 is the SPECMAP compilation here reconstructed from Bradley (1999). 

Figure 1. Time scales. Paleomagnetio scale constructed from Cande and Kent (1995) and Berggren et al. (1995). Oxygen isotope stages from SPECMAP and redrawn from Bradley (1999). Late Pleistocene consistent with Greenland ice core records (Alley et al., 1993). Historical period from Lauritzen and Lundberg (1999).

Magaritz, M., Gavish, E., Bakler, N. Kafri, U. (1979) Carbon and oxygen isotope composition indicators of cementation environments in Recent, Holocene and Pleistocene sediments along the coast of Israel. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 49, 401-412. 

Kahn M.L.Tadamichi O., KuT. (1981) Paleotemperaturesand the glacially induced changes in the oxygen-isotope composition of sea water during late Pleistocene and Holocene time in Tanner Basin, California. Geology 9, 485-90. 

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