Covalent oxides

If R can react with itself or additional components (R contains vinyl, methacryl or epoxy groups, for example), the result of the condensation process is a flexible network of inorganic oxide covalently bonded to organic polymers, namely a hybrid nanocomposite lacking interface imperfections. The properties of this hybrid nanocomposite are intermediate between those of polymers and glasses, and can meet unique requirements. 

Yang, C., et al., Conjugates of graphene oxide covalently linked ligands and gold nanoparticles to construct silver ion graphene paste electrode. Talanta, 2012. 97(0) p. 406-413. 

JV-methylmorpholine /V-oxide covalently linked to a polymer can be employed, so that it facilitates the recovery of the secondary oxidant.60... 

Simple Fe3+ salts have rarely been used for catalytic allylic oxidations. Covalent metal nitrates are well known to be strong oxidants which undergo dissociation of the bidentate metal nitrate bond resulting in the formation of the N03 radical as reactive species [105], However, Sahle-Demessie and coworkers were the first who showed the utility of even commercially available Fe(N03)3-9H20 as an oxidation catalyst [106], Turnover and chemoselectivity turned out to be strongly dependent on the alkene substrate and the partial pressure (Scheme 3.20). 

Ores of copper native copper, cuprite, chalcocite, chalcopyrite, malachite, azurite. Metallurgy of ores containing native copper, oxide and carbonate ores, sulfide ores. Gangue, flux, flotation, roasting of ores, matte, blister copper. Cupric compounds copper sulfate (blue vitriol, bluestone), Bordeaux mixture, cupric chloride, cupric bromide, cupric hydroxide. Test for cupric ion with Fehling s solution. Cuprous compounds cuprous chloride, cuprous bromide, cuprous iodide, cuprous oxide. Covalent-bond structure of cuprous compounds. 

The binding mechanism is based on hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interaction [157-158]. An involvement of electrostatic attraction is unlikely in the case of procyanidins because their phenolic hydroxyls ionize only at a very alkaline pH. Associated with oxidation covalent binding may occur [43,86]. The precipitation reaction is only possible, if a minimum number of hydroxyl groups per molecule are present to enable sufficient cross linkages. The affinity of procyanidins to proteins was found to be proportional to the number of ortho-diphenol groups and... 

To provide a stable attachment of a sensitizer to a wide-bandgap oxide semiconductor and to allow for a fast electron injection from the excited state of a sensitizer molecule to the conduction band of the oxide, covalent links are preferable as opposed to simple coordination or van der Waals bonds [22]. On the other hand, very acidic sensitizer molecules favor corrosion of ZnO and thereby lead to inefficient charge transfer at the interface and to a low cell stabihty [94]. Carboxylic or... 

Table 17.7 and Figs 17.8 and 17.9 summarize these results. Enthalpies of solution represent the stability of these oxides in comparison with the aquo ions. Enthalpies of complexation indicate their stability with respect to the parent binary oxides, and represent a mixture of structural-packing (ionic) stabiliration energies and acidic oxide-basic oxide (covalent) energies. 

Tang, X.Z., Li, W., Yu, Z.Z., Rafiee, M.A., Rafiee, J., Yavari, F., Koiatkar, N., 2011. Enhanced thermal stability in graphene oxide covalently functionalized with 2-amino-4,6-didodecylamino-1,3,5-triazine. Carbon 49,1258—1265. 

Zhu J, Li Y, Chen Y, Wang J, Zhang B, Zhnag J, Blau WJ (2011) Graphene oxide covalently functionalized with zinc phthalocyanine for broadband optieal limiting. Carbon 49 1900-... 

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