Oxidative Stress in Mammalian Cells

Yet another mode of defense against oxidant stress in mammalian cells is by transcriptional induction of heme oxygenase, which acts to generate heme metabolites with anti-oxidant properties (29). 

Wiese AG, Pacific RE, Davies KJA (1995) Transient adaptation to oxidative stress in mammalian cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 318 231-240... 

These data suggest that dried Spirulina cells (healthy foods) and/or foods containing the food dye (blue color) from Spirulina cells may alleviate oxidative stress in mammalian tissues. 

Subjecting cells to oxidative stress can result in severe metabolic dysfunctions, including peroxidation of membrane lipids, depletion of nicotinamide nucleotides, rises in intracellular free Ca ions, cytoskeletal disruption and DNA damage. The latter is often measured as formation of single-strand breaks, double-strand breaks or chromosomal aberrations. Indeed, DNA damage has been almost invariably observed in a wide range of mammalian cell types exposed to oxidative stress in a number... 

GSH has been proposed to be part of the thiol cycling in mammalian cells that may transduce oxidative stress redox signaling into the induction of many genes involved in proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis [15], Studies with pure chemical systems have confirmed the reduction of V(V) maltol compounds by GSH or ascorbic acid [16], Putative glutathione transferase enzymes that bind vanadium have been isolated from an ascidian that accumulates vanadium in specialized cells to over 350 mM [17],... 

Applegate, L.A., Luscher, P., Tyrrell, R.M. (1991). Induction of heme oxygenase a general response to oxidant stress in cultured mammalian cells. Cancer Res. 51 974-8. 

I). Most redox-responsive transcriptional activators in mammalian cells are likely to be regulated by one of these modifications [45]. Among them, S-glutathionylation has emerged as a potential reaction by which the cells may transduce oxidative stress into repression of gene expression. 

---