Oxidation oxidising agents

Thus an oxidising agent is identified as an electron acceptor and the oxidation of iron(II) by chlorine can be written as two "half equations, viz. 

Oxidation states can be used to establish the stoichiometry for an equation. Consider the reaction between the manganate(VII) (permanganate) and ethanedioate (oxalate) ions in acidic solution. Under these conditions the MnO faq) ion acts as an oxidising agent and it is reduced to Mn (aq), i.e. 

Dilute acids have no effect on any form of carbon, and diamond is resistant to attack by concentrated acids at room temperature, but is oxidised by both concentrated sulphuric and concentrated nitric acid at about 500 K, when an additional oxidising agent is present. Carbon dioxide is produced and the acids are reduced to gaseous oxides ... 

Graphite reacts rather differently with mixtures of oxidising agents and concentrated oxoacids. A graphite oxide is formed the graphite... 

Concentrated nitric acid, however, is an oxidising agent and tin reacts to give hydrated tin(IV) oxide in a partly precipitated, partly colloidal form, together with a small amount of tin(II) nitrate, Sn(N03)2 ... 

Concentrated sulphuric acid and nitric acid—powerful oxidising agents—attack all the elements except nitrogen, particularly when the acids are warm. The products obtained reflect changes in stability of the oxidation states V and III of the Group V elements. 

If the acid of the ammonium salt is an oxidising agent, then on heating the salt, mutual oxidation and reduction occurs. The oxidation products can be nitrogen or one of its oxides and the reactions can be explosive, for example ... 

H—N—N=N. It is prepared by the oxidation of hydrazine in strongly acid solution the oxidising agent used is usually nitrous acid (i.e. sodium nitrite is added to the acid solution of hydrazine) ... 

Unlike phosphorus pentoxide, this oxide cannot be made directly. Arsenic(V) acid, H3ASO4 (strictly, tetraoxoarsenic acid), is first prepared by oxidising arsenic(III) oxide with concentrated nitric acid or some other strong oxidising agent ... 

Antimony(V) oxide can be prepared by treating antimony with concentrated nitric acid. It is an oxidising agent and when gently heated loses oxygen to form the trioxide. (The change in oxidation state stability shown by antimony should be noted since it corresponds to increasing metallic character.)... 

Ozone is very much more reactive than oxygen and is a powerful oxidising agent especially in acid solution (the redox potential varies with conditions but can be as high as + 2.0 V). Some examples are 1. the conversion of black lead(ll) sulphide to white lead(II) sulphate (an example of oxidation by addition of oxygen) ... 

The presence of chloric(I) acid makes the properties of chlorine water different from those of gaseous chlorine, just as aqueous sulphur dioxide is very different from the gas. Chloric(I) acid is a strong oxidising agent, and in acid solution will even oxidise sulphur to sulphuric acid however, the concentration of free chloric(I) acid in chlorine water is often low and oxidation reactions are not always complete. Nevertheless when chlorine bleaches moist litmus, it is the chloric(I) acid which is formed that produces the bleaching. The reaction of chlorine gas with aqueous bromide or iodide ions which causes displacement of bromine or iodine (see below) may also involve the reaction... 

Fused potassium nitrate is a powerful oxidising agent (cf. the oxidation of manganese compounds, p.. IS6 ... 

The oxide MnO is obtained by heating the earbonate MnCOj, Oxidation of manganesedli in aqueous acid solution requires a strong oxidising agent, for example... 

In this oxidation state, iron is quite readily oxidised by mild oxidising agents, and hence in many of the reactions it is a mild reducing agent. For acid conditions... 

As already noted, the simple salts in this oxidation state are powerful oxidising agents and oxidise water. Since, also, Co(III) would oxidise any halide except fluoride to halogen, the only simple halide salt is C0F3. Cobalt(lll) Jluoride, obtained by reaction of fluorine with cobalt(II) fluoride it is a useful fluorinating agent. 

Ethanol, being a t> pical primary alcohol containing the -CH OH group, gives on oxidation first acetaldehyde and then acetic acid. This process, when carried out by an aqueous oxidising agent, probably consists in the direct... 

Oxidation depending upon oxidising agent used. 

Give coloured oxidation products, depending on the amine and the oxidising agent used. 

By the oxidation of a side chain, provided the molecule contains no other groups (e.g., amino NH, and hydroxyl OH) which are affected by oxidising agents, for example ... 

The aHphatic iodine derivatives are usually prepared by reaction of an alcohol with hydroiodic acid or phosphoms trHodide by reaction of iodine, an alcohol, and red phosphoms addition of iodine monochloride, monobromide, or iodine to an olefin replacement reaction by heating the chlorine or bromine compound with an alkaH iodide ia a suitable solvent and the reaction of triphenyl phosphite with methyl iodide and an alcohol. The aromatic iodine derivatives are prepared by reacting iodine and the aromatic system with oxidising agents such as nitric acid, filming sulfuric acid, or mercuric oxide. 

Only 20—40% of the HNO is converted ia the reactor to nitroparaffins. The remaining HNO produces mainly nitrogen oxides (and mainly NO) and acts primarily as an oxidising agent. Conversions of HNO to nitroparaffins are up to about 20% when methane is nitrated. Conversions are, however, often ia the 36—40% range for nitrations of propane and / -butane. These differences ia HNO conversions are explained by the types of C—H bonds ia the paraffins. Only primary C—H bonds exist ia methane and ethane. In propane and / -butane, both primary and secondary C—H bonds exist. Secondary C—H bonds are considerably weaker than primary C—H bonds. The kinetics of reaction 6 (a desired reaction for production of nitroparaffins) are hence considerably higher for both propane and / -butane as compared to methane and ethane. Experimental results also iadicate for propane nitration that more 2-nitropropane [79-46-9] is produced than 1-nitropropane [108-03-2]. Obviously the hydroxyl radical attacks the secondary bonds preferentially even though there are more primary bonds than secondary bonds. 

The peroxodisulfate ion in aqueous solution is one of the strongest oxidising agents known. The standard oxidation—reduction potential for the following reaction is 2.08 V (77,78). 

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