Oxidation ionic state

Metal oxides of variable oxidation state as supports or support modifiers [202] are well known in gold catalysis. In the previous section we have already indicated some metal-support interactions influencing the electronic state of gold nanoparticles as well as the metallic or ionic state of gold. Of the numerous literatures we have to mention Haruta and Date [169], Bond [195], as well as Goodman works [186,203]. Further results can be found on the iron oxide system in recent literatures [162,204]. 

We were interested in the change in the oxidation state of Pd (II), incorporated in the zeolite, during heat treatment in oxygen or in vacuo. Hydrogen and carbon monoxide interactions were also studied. The experiments involved two techniques ESR, which provides direct identification of palladium in an ionic state, and IR spectroscopy, which gives information on the superficial structure of the exchanged zeolite and on the adsorbed species. 

Helmut Ullmann, Nikolai Trofimenko, Composition, structure and transport properties of perovskite-type oxides , Solid State Ionics 119,1-8 (1999). 

Carlino, S., Hudson, M. J., Husain, S. W. and Knowles, J. A. (1996). The reaction of molten phenylphosphonic acid with a layered double hydroxide and its calcined oxide. Solid State Ionics 84, 117. 

An unnatural alteration of the conformation or the ionic state of a protein. Denaturation generally results in precipitation of the protein and loss of its biological activity. Denaturation may be reversible, as in salting out a protein, or irreversible, as in cooking an egg. (p. 1193) (disulfide bridge) A bond between two cysteine residues formed by mild oxidation of their thiol groups to a disulfide, (p. 1175)... 

Iron is an element that can form compounds in two ionic states Fe2+ and Fe3+. These two states are involved in the transport of oxygen in the haemoglobin of the blood. The change of Fe2+ to Fe3+ means that the iron has lost one electron and the Fe2+ has been oxidized ... 

Alloys Borates Solid-state Chemistry Carbides Transition Metal Solid-state Chemistry Chalcogenides Solid-state Chemistry Diffraction Methods in Inorganic Chemistry Electronic Structure of Solids Fluorides Solid-state Chemistry Halides Solid-state Chemistry Intercalation Chemistry Ionic Conductors Magnetic Oxides Magnetism of Extended Arrays in Inorganic Solids Nitrides Transition Metal Solid-state Chemistry Noncrystalline Solids Oxide Catalysts in Solid-state Chemistry Oxides Solid-state Chemistry Quasicrystals Semiconductor Interfaces Solids Characterization by Powder Diffraction Solids Computer Modeling Superconductivity Surfaces. 

Iwahara, H., Oxide-ionic and protonic conductors based on perovskite-type oxides and their possible applications. Solid State Ionics, 52, 99-104 (1992). 

Kreuer, K.D., Aspects of the formation and mobility of protonic charge carriers and the stability of perovskite-type oxides. Solid State Ionics, 125, 285-302 (1999). 

Kilner, J.A. and Brook, R.J., A study of oxygen ion conductivity in doped non-stoichio-metric oxides. Solid State Ionics, 6, 237-252 (1982). 

Boyapati, S., Wachsman, E.D., and Chakoumakos, B.C., Neutron diffraction study of occupancy and positional order of oxygen ions in phase stabilized cubic bismuth oxides. Solid State Ionics, 2001, 138, 293-304. 

Charge neutrality is also responsible for the increased catalytic activity of some metal oxides. This is the case when MgO is substitutionally doped with lithium. Since the only possible ionic state for lithium is Li, an adjacent oxygen ion must be O (formally). Since it does not have a closed shell electronic configuration, O is much more chemically reactive than O, and it is believed that the unique catalytic properties of Li-doped MgO result from the presence of a Li O site [10]. This and other defects in MgO are discussed further in Chap. 3. 

Buhrmester, T., and Martin, M., X-ray absorption investigation on the ternary system lithium manganese oxide. Solid State Ionics, 135, 267, 2000. 

K-Sites on Carbon Surface as Anchors for Metal Nanoparticles Noble metals, both in zerovalent and in ionic states (in particular in the low-oxidation state), are prone to form stable 7r-complexes with multiple C-C bonds of organic compounds [53]. The stability of the 7r-complexes increases if the ligand contains electron acceptor groups (for example, oxygen-containing or aryl) in close proximity of the >C—C< bond. 

H.J.M. Bouwmeester, H. Kruidhof and A.J. Burggraaf, Importance of the surface exchange kinetics as rate limiting step in oxygen permeation through mixed-conducting oxides. Solid State Ionics, 72 (1994) 185-194. 

---