Oxidation interfacial effects

Dees DW, Balachandran U, Dorris SE, Heiberger JJ, McPheeters CC, and Picciolo JJ. Interfacial effects in monolithic solid oxide fuel cells. In Singhal SC, editor. Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, Pennington, NJ The Electrochemical Society, 1989 89(11) 317-321. 

Composite-based PTC thermistors are potentially more economical. These devices are based on a combination of a conductor in a semicrystalline polymer—for example, carbon black in polyethylene. Other fillers include copper, iron, and silver. Important filler parameters in addition to conductivity include particle size, distribution, morphology, surface energy, oxidation state, and thermal expansion coefficient. Important polymer matrix characteristics in addition to conductivity include the glass transition temperature, Tg, and thermal expansion coefficient. Interfacial effects are extremely important in these materials and can influence the ultimate electrical properties of the composite. 

This paper presents a comprehensive description of mild oxidation catalysts containing one or more oxides or oxysalts and analyzes the thermodynamic and structural influence of interfacial effects between the constituent solid phases on activity and selectivity (O. 

The question arises, why do bi- or multi-phasic catalysts generally show better activity and selectivity than the active phase alone The aim of this paper is to answer this question by exploring the role of interfacial effects. We shall examine first how the thermodynamic and structural properties of one phase influence its interactions, not only with the gaseous reactants, but also with coexisting solid phases as a result of its bulk, surface, and defect structure. We will also examine the conditions necessary for these interactions and set up a structural classification of the main components of mild oxidation catalysts. This will lead finally to a discussion of the role of interfacial effects in catalyst performance using some illustrative examples. Thermodynamic and Structural Properties of Single Phase Catalysts... 

COURTINE Interfacial Effects in Mild Oxidation Catalysts... 

Ti02) is effective in this reaction, giving substantial yields of maleic anhydride (Figure 10) The butadiene formed does not desorb and reacts at the surface of the catalyst according to the known mechanism for the oxidation of butene to maleic anhydride The notion of interfacial effects has therefore been applied, with some success, to finding a new catalyst ... 

In addition to emitting various types of radiation, nuclear waste materials are commonly mixtures of different compounds and even different phases. Energy transfer between phases and interfacial chemistry will affect the yields and types of products formed in these systems. Interfacial effects in radiation chemistry have long been observed, but the detailed mechanisms involved are not understood [3-5], Recent studies of water adsorbed on ceramic oxides clearly show that energy can migrate from the solid oxide phase to the water phase and lead to excess production of H2 [6, 7], This process complicates dosimetry because energy... 

Here we show that the polarity of polymer solar cells can be reversed by changing the position of two interfacial layers vanadium oxide (V2O5) layer as hole injection and cesium carbonate (CS2CO3) layer as electron injection, independent of the top and bottom electrodes. ° Since our first demonstration of inverted solar cells, more and more interests have focused on this new architecture. Waldauf et al. demonstrated inverted solar cells with a solution-processed titanium oxide interfacial layer. White et al. developed a solution-processed zinc oxide interlayer as efficient electron extraction contact and achieved 2.58% PCE with silver as a hole-collecting back contact. It is noteworthy to mention that EQE value for inverted solar cells approaches 85% between 500 and 550 nm, which is higher than that of normal polymer solar cells. This is possibly due to (i) the positive effect of vertical phase separation of active layer to increase the selection of electrode and (ii) lower series resistance without the PEDOT PSS layer. 

An increase in the crystallinity [77,133,137] or interfacial crystallinity have been considered other parameters for improving the mechanical response of polymers [170]. Oxidized NDs effectively enhanced the crystallization ability of PVA, indicating the crystalline regions may act as physical crosslinks or filler particles. The increased crystallinity and reinforcing effect of oxidized NDs increased the storage modulus of all the PVA nanocomposites to a higher degree than that of neat PVA [48]. Sahoo... 

The "large" size effect that has been found in polymeric optoelectronic devices (see above) is not unique in polymer science. While materials such as ceramics, metals, oxides, exhibit size limitations only noticeable below 10 nm, quantum-well effects, it was found that in polymer systems, interfacial effects could be noticeable over distances of tens to hundreds of nanometers. Over the last few years, various groups reported bulk-deviating structural and dynamic properties for polymers at... 

Guo N, DiBenedetto SA, Tewati P, Lanagan MT, Rattier MA, Marks TJ (2010) Nanoparticle, size, shape and interfacial effects on leakage current density, permittivity, and breakdown strength of metal oxide-polyolefin nanocomposites experiments and theory. Chem Mater 22 1567-1578... 

Courtine, P. Thermodynamic and structural aspects of interfacial effects in mild oxidation catalysts. In Solid State Chemistry in Catalysis. Grasselli, R.K. and Brazdil, J.F. Eds. ACS. Symposium Series, Vol. 279, 1985, p. 37-56. 

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