Oxidation glucose products

Antidiabetic Drugs other than Insulin. Figure 3 The antihyperglycaemic effect of metformin involves enhanced insulin-mediated suppression of hepatic glucose production and muscle glucose uptake. Metformin also exerts non-insulin-dependent effects on these tissues, including reduced fatty acid oxidation and increased anaerobic glucose metabolism by the intestine. FA, fatty acid f, increase i decrease. 

The core set of reactions of the pathway oxidize glucose 6-phosphate to ribose 5-phosphate and generate NADPH. Thus, as well as generating NADPH, the pathway has a second important role in converting hexoses into pentoses, in particular ribose 5-phosphate. Ribose 5-phosphate or derivatives of it are required for the synthesis of RNA, DNA, NAD+, flavine adenine dinucleotide (FAD), ATP, coenzyme A (CoA) and other important molecules. Thus the two main products of the pathway are NADPH and ribose 5-phosphate. 

An interesting reduction of aromatic nitro compounds which uses glucose in an alkaline medium (equation 7) has received little attention. The advantages of this reaction include high yields, rapid rate and ease of product isolation from oxidation by-products. Other reagents which bring about the reduction of nitroanenes to azoxy compounds include potassium borohydride, sodium arsenate, phosphine and yellow phosphorus. Electrolytic methods have also been utilized. ... 

Interpreting the pathway as a means of oxidizing glucose to ribulose 5-phosphate and recycling the ribulose 5-phosphate back to glucose-6-phosphate is too narrow. The pathway performs a variety of functions, the least important of which seems to be that of an alternative pathway for glucose metabolism. Production of ribose 5-phosphate for nucleotide synthesis by de novo and... 

The fat cell also has the capabihty of producing at least one hormone that improves insulin sensitivity adiponectin. This factor is made in decreasing amounts as an individual becomes more obese. In animal models, adiponectin decreases hepatic glucose production and increases fatty acid oxidation in muscle. ... 

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