Oxidation-derived DAMP

A new hypothesis links oxidized biomolecules to immune reactions via oxidation of self biomolecules generating new damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) or oxidation-spedlic epitopes (OSE). Oxidation-derived DAMPs (oxDAMPs) are related to certain oxidative stress-associated disorders and can be recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) of the innate immune system, and thus activate innate or adaptive immune responses. 

JellinekT, Johns RB (1970) The mechanism of photochemical addition of cysteine to uracil and formation of dihydrouracil. Photochem Photobiol 11 349-359 Jiang Y, Lin W-Z, Yao S-D, Lin N-Y, Zhu D-Y (1999a) Pulse radiolytic study of electron transfer reaction for fast repair of the one-electron oxidized radicals of dAMP and dGMP by hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives. Radiat Phys Chem 54 349-353... 

Arsenic derivatives were used as pesticides and as paint (by artists the bright yellow pigment, royal yellow, which was favoured by seventeenth-century Dutch painters, is known to oxidise slowly to the deadly compound arsenic oxide), and also in wallpapers (during the nineteenth century, most wallpaper was printed with emerald green containing copper arsenate, which could easily be transformed into the deadly gas methylarsine, by a particular mould that developed when the walls became damp, causing arsenic poisoning. 

Valerino et al. (1972) have shown that methotrexate (MTX) can be separated from its degradation product, 2,4-diamino-N-10-methyl pteroic acid (DAMPA), using DEAL cellulose plates and the mobile-phase 0.1 M ammonium bicarbonate at pH 8.8. According to Brown et al. (1973), MTX, DAMP A, and folates can be separated on cellulose plates using aqueous solutions containing mercaptoethanol. The mercaptoethanol was included to reduce the rate of oxidation of folate derivatives. 

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