Oxidation, defective

Fatty acid oxidation defects often produce recurrent disturbances of brain function [4, 8]. Drowsiness, stupor and coma occur during acute metabolic crises and mimic the Reye s syndrome phenotype. The neurological symptoms have been attributed to hypoglycemia, hypoke-tonemia and the deleterious effects of potentially toxic... 

Contamination of silicon wafers by heavy metals is a major cause of low yields in the manufacture of electronic devices. Concentrations in the order of 1011 cm-3 [Ha2] are sufficient to affect the device performance, because impurity atoms constitute recombination centers for minority carriers and thereby reduce their lifetime [Scl7]. In addition, precipitates caused by contaminants may affect gate oxide quality. Note that a contamination of 1011 cnT3 corresponds to a pinhead of iron (1 mm3) dissolved in a swimming pool of silicon (850 m3). Such minute contamination levels are far below the detection limit of the standard analytical techniques used in chemistry. The best way to detect such traces of contaminants is to measure the induced change in electronic properties itself, such as the oxide defect density or the minority carrier lifetime, respectively diffusion length. 

Fig. 10.6 A p-type Si wafer with a 20 nm thick thermal oxide has been contaminated by scratching the backside with metal wires (Ni, Cu, Fe), according to the pattern shown in (a) and later annealed at 1200°C for 30 s. (e) Under cathodic bias in acetic acid, oxide defects become decorated by hydrogen bubbles. (c, d) After oxide removal junction defects caused by metal precipitates are decorated by hydrogen bubbles, if sufficient catho...

Fig. 20. Example of light point defect increases when using HF-based chemistries due to the revelation of different oxide defects. The processing time must be reduced in this case.

Gregersen N, Andresen BS, Corydon MJ, Gorydon TJ, Olsen RK, Bolund L, Bross P. Mutation analysis in mitochondrial fatty add oxidation defects Exemplified by acyl-CoA dehydrogenase defidendes, with spedal focus on genotype-phenotype relationship. Hum Mutat. 2001 Sep 18(3) 169-89. Review. PubMed dtation... 

As previously mentioned, a key point in the optimization of the catalysts photodegradation of phenol and its derivates, is the minimization of the electron-hole recombination and the intimate connection of this process with the anion vacancies present in the size-limited, nanometric oxide particles. Minimization of the overall amount of oxide defects has a significant impact on the reaction rate. Traditional methods for improving electron-hole charge separation beyond what can be obtained with bare titania, involves doping mainly with although surface... 

Nada MA, Vianey-Saban C, Roe CR, et al (1996) Prenatal diagnosis of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation defects. Prenat Diagn 16 117-124... 

Ventura FV, Costa CG, Struys EA, et al (1999) Quantitative acylcarnitine profiling in fibroblasts using U-C-13 palmitic acid an improved tool for the diagnosis of fatty acid oxidation defects. Clin Chim Acta281 l-17... 

Giak Sim K, Carpenter K, Hammond J, Christodoulou J, Wilcken (2002) Quantitative fibroblast acylcarnitine profiles in mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation defects phenotype/me-tabolite correlations. Mol Genet Metab 76 327-334... 

Browning MF, Larson C, Strauss A, Marsden DL (2005) Normal acylcarnitine levels during confirmation of abnormal newborn screening in long-chain fatty acid oxidation defects. J Inherit Metab Dis 28 545-550... 

B. Lesage, L. Marechal, A.-M. Huntz, R. Mollins. Aluminium depletion in FeCrAl alloys during oxidation // Defect Diffusion Forum.- 2001.- V.194-199.- P.1707-1712. 

Several classes of inborn errors of metabolism in addition to inborn errors of urea synthesis can cause neonatal hyperammonemia. These include organic acidurias, fatty acid oxidation defects, amino acidopathies, and mitochondrial respiratory chain disorders. All of these disorders have a number of features in common. Labor and delivery tend to be normal, and there are no predisposing risk factors. Clinical features present after 24 h of life and are progressive. They are inherited, and thus a family history of previously affected children or neonatal deaths may be present. While most are inherited in an autosomally recessive manner, ornithine tran-scarbamoylase (OTC) deficiency is X linked, and a family history of affected males in the maternal pedigree is not uncommon. 

Acute liver failure/metabolic crisis Galactosaemia Neonatal haemochromatosis Tyrosinaemia Urea cycle disorders Fatty acid oxidation defects... 

Conjugated polymers like poly(l,4-phenylene-vinylene), PPV, or more generally Poly(arylene-vinylenes), PAVs have evoked considerable interest as electrically conductive and nonlinear optical materials. More recently, electroluminescence properties of PPV have attracted substantial attention, since it was first reported in 1990. Direct synthesis of PPV has been limited by its insolubility. Hence, the most commonly used routes are based on soluble polymer precursors or soluble conjugated precursors. The latter process is also commonly referred to as the sulfonium-based polyelectrolyte precursor route. PPV thin films from these solution-based routes, however, have problems related to contamination by solvents and oxidative defects in the polymer. C VP is an alternate method for the deposition of high quality thin films of PPV. Reported first by Iwatsuki et al., it was investigated for electroluminescence applications by Staring et al. ... 

The advantage of CVP, apart from the elimination of solvent induced contamination and oxidative defects, is that it is compatible with traditional inorganic semiconductor processes in the microelectronic and optoelectronic industry. This would be extremely important in the integration of polymer and inorganic semiconductors into hybrid devices with a minimum of processing steps. Moreover, CVP allows the mixture of monomeric compounds in any ratio, thus facilitating the deposition of graded films. 

Similar MS-MS technology as developed for acylcamitine profiling can be applied for the selective screening for a number of fatly acid oxidation defects. 

The Metal-Support Interaction Role of Oxide Defects... 

THE METAL-SUPPORT INTERACTION ROLE OF OXIDE DEFECTS... 

Lactic acidosis occurs in two clinical settings (1) type A (hypoxic), associated with decreased tissue oxygenation, such as shock, hypovolemia, and left ventricular failure and (2) type B (metabolic), associated with disease (e.g., diabetes melUtus, neoplasia, liver disease), drugs and/or toxins (e.g., ethanol, methanol, and salicylates), or inborn errors of metabolism (e.g., methylmalonic aciduria, propionic acidemia, and fatty acid oxidation defects). Lactic acidosis is not uncommon and occurs in approximately 1% of hospital admissions. It has a mortality rate greater than 60%, which approaches 100% if hypotension is also present. Type A is much more common. 

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